Antibodies to IL-1R1

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to binding members, especially antibody molecules, specific for interleukin 1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1). For example, isolated binding members specific for IL-1R1 which competes with IL-1 and IL-1Ra for binding to IL-1R1 and binds Il-1R1 with a K D  of 10 pM or less when measured by Kinexa™. The binding members are useful for, inter alia, treatment of disorders mediated by IL-1R1 including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of Application No. 61/112,381 (US) filed on 7 Nov. 2008.

This invention relates to binding members, especially antibody molecules, for the interleukin 1 receptor-1 (IL-1R1). The binding members are useful for the treatment of disorders mediated by IL-1R1 including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of such binding members, methods of treatment of disorders mediated by IL-1R1 using binding members of the invention and the use of binding members of the invention in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of disorders mediated by IL-1R1.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a multifunctional cytokine, which plays a major role in inflammatory responses during immune-mediated diseases and infections. IL-1 is produced from a variety of cell types following stimulation with bacterial products, cytokines or immune complexes. IL-1 displays autocrine and paracrine activities on a variety of cell types promoting the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases and adhesion molecules. Blocking IL-1 biological activity should be beneficial to prevent tissue damage caused by excessive production or disregulated IL-1 activity or to normalise aberrant responses to pathogens for example during an exacerbation of COPD.

The IL-1 family of cytokines currently consists of eleven individual members, IL-1alpha (IL-1α), IL-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin 1 antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL1F5-10 and Interleukin-33 (IL-33). Four of these, namely IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18 & IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), have been characterised most fully and linked to pathological processes in a variety of diseases, and IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra alone have clearly been shown to interact with membrane IL-1R1 (1, 2, 3). IL-1α and IL-1β are the products of separate genes. These proteins are related at the amino acid level, IL-1α and IL-1β share 22% homology, with IL-1α and IL-1Ra sharing 18% homology. IL-1β shares 26% homology with IL-1Ra. The genes for IL-1α, IL-1β & IL-1Ra members are located on a similar region in human chromosome 2q14 (4, 5).

Both IL-1α and IL-1β are synthesized as 31-kDa precursor peptides that are cleaved to generate 17-kDa mature IL-1α and IL-1β. IL-1β is produced by a variety of cell types including epithelial cells and macrophages. It is released from cells after cleavage by the cysteine protease caspase-1 (IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE) (6)). IL-1α is cleaved by calpain proteases and can remain on the plasma membrane from where it appears to activate cells, via direct cell to cell contact.(7). Pro-IL-1α contains a nuclear localization sequence in its amino terminal, which can lead to activation of a variety of cellular pathways (8).

IL-1Ra is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the IL-1 system. It is produced as four different isoforms derived from alternative mRNA splicing and alternative translation initiation. A 17 kDa secreted isoform of IL-1Ra is expressed as variably glycosylated species, of 22-25 Kda (9,10) now termed sIL-1Ra. An 18 kDa intracellular isoform is termed icIL-1Ra1 (11). The isoform icIL-1Ra2 is produced by an alternative transcriptional splice from an exon located between icIL-1Ra1 and sIL-1Ra first exons (12) A third 16 kDa intracellular isoform icIL-1Ra3 has also been identified (13). Kineret® (anakinra) is a recombinant, nonglycosylated form of the soluble human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Kineret® differs from native human IL-1Ra in that it has the addition of a single methionine residue at its amino terminus. Kineret® consists of 153 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 17.3 kilodaltons. Kineret® is approved for the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis.

IL-1α and Il-1β exert their biological effects by binding to a transmembrane receptor, IL-1R1 (RefSeq NM_(—)00877), which belongs to the IL-1 receptor family. There are currently ten members of the IL-1 receptor family (14); IL-1 Receptor 1 (IL-1R1 (80 kDa), IL-1RII (68 kDa) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RacP) being relevant to the signalling of IL-1α and β. IL-1R1 and IL1RacP complex in the cell membrane to form a high affinity receptor capable of signalling on binding of IL-1α or Il-1β. IL-1Ra binds IL-1R1 but does not interact with IL-1RAcP. IL-1α, Il-1β and IL-1Ra also bind IL-RII which does not have an intracellular signalling domain.

All three of these receptors can be expressed as membrane bound or soluble proteins. IL-1R type I (IL-1R1), IL-1RII & IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) belong to the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily with their extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains. IL-1R1 and IL-1RacP have cytoplasmic domains (Toll-like IL-1R (TIR)) domains, which are related to the Toll-Like receptor (TLR) superfamily. IL-1R1 is termed the signalling receptor as upon ligand binding and complexing with IL-1RAcP the signal transduction is initiated via its cytoplasmic tail of 213 amino acid residues (15). Current literature suggests that IL-1RII acts only as a ‘decoy receptor’ either at the cell surface or extracellularly as a soluble form (16).

The crystal structure of the extracellular region of the IL-1R1 bound to IL-1β has been resolved to 2.5A resolution (17). The two N-terminal Ig domains appear rigid due to a disulfide linker, with the third domain showing more flexibility. The IL-1R1 appears wrapped around IL-1β, with two significant areas of contact. One of these is in a groove between domains 1 & 2, while the second area of contact is a smaller area located on the third domain. Interestingly the IL-1Ra also appears to bind to the groove region between domains 1&2 of the IL-1R1, however there does not appear to be any contact between the IL-1Ra and the third Ig domain of the IL-1R1 (18).

Once IL-1 has bound to the IL-1R1 chain the IL-1RAcP is recruited to the ligand-receptor pair and forms a high affinity receptor complex, which results in initiation of signal transduction.

A model of IL-1RAcP interaction with IL-1-IL-1R1 has been proposed based on mutagenesis and antibody studies (19, 20 & 21). It shows that the IL-1RAcP interacts with the interface between IL-1 and IL-1R1. These studies also demonstrated that the AcP could not interact with the IL-1Ra-IL-1R1 pair, which forms a more relaxed structure. Greenfeder et al, (22) have shown that the IL-1R1 bound with IL-1Ra fails to recruit the IL-1RAcP and therefore fails to signal. The ILRa acts by occupying the binding site on IL-1R1 for IL-1β or IL-1α and in addition failing to form the signalling complex with IL-1RAcP.

A further member of the IL-1R family is the type II IL-1R (IL-1RII). This receptor is highly homologous to the IL-1R1 in the extracellular region and can bind IL-1α & IL-1β. Current evidence suggests that IL-1RII, however, does not initiate signalling due to the lack of an intracytoplasmic domain. This receptor can be cleaved from the cell surface and along with the membrane form act as inhibitors of IL-1 activity by acting as decoy receptors (16). IL-1RII has a higher affinity for IL-1β and a lower affinity for the IL-1Ra, which means that IL-1RII does not block the inhibitory activity of the IL-1Ra (23). Ligand binding to the IL-1RII causes recruitment of the IL-1RAcP, however this complex remains non-signalling (24). Because the IL-1RAcP is removed in this way by the IL-1RII and prevents IL-1RAcP binding to IL-1R1, it can also block IL-1 actions by this mechanism, and this is termed “co-receptor competition” (24). However, it has not been definitively disproved at this time that IL-1RII could recruit another signalling chain, although cells that express high levels of IL-1RII have been shown to become unresponsive to IL-1β (25).

The high affinity complex formed when IL-1 binds to IL-1R1 leads to the recruitment of the IL-1RAcP and initiates receptor signalling. IL-1R1 and IL-1RacP have cytoplasmic domains (Toll-like IL-1R (TIR)) domains, which are related to the Toll-Like receptor (TLR) superfamily.

During signal transduction the TIR domain of the adaptor molecule MyD88 interacts with the TIR domain of the IL-1RAcP and causes recruitment of a receptor complex containing IRAK-4 and IRAK-1. It has been proposed that the phosphorylated IRAK in turn recruits TRAF6 to the receptor complex. IRAK then brings TRAF6 to TAK1, TAB1, and TAB2, which are preassociated on the membrane before stimulation to form a membrane-associated complex II. The formation of complex II leads to the phosphorylation of TAK1 and TAB2 on the membrane by an unknown kinase, followed by the dissociation of TRAF6-TAK1-TAB1-TAB2 (complex III) from IRAK and consequent translocation of complex III to the cytosol. The formation of complex III and its interaction with additional cytosolic factors leads to the activation of TAK1. Phosphorylated IRAK remains on the membrane and eventually is ubiquitinated and degraded. Activation of TAK-1 leads to the activation of IKK, degradation of IkB proteins resulting in NF-kB activation that activates transcription in the nucleus. TAK-1 has also been shown to play a role in activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that, via activation of p38, JNK and ERK1/2, regulates activity of transcription factors including AP1 (26). Since signalling transduction is amplified down these multiple pathways, the percentage receptor occupancy per cell by ligand only needs to be low to initiate a physiological response in the IL-1R expressing cell (perhaps as low as 10 receptors occupied per cell).

IL-1 is a major inflammatory cytokine, which has an important role in many chronic inflammatory diseases. The expression of IL-1 at the gene and protein level has been examined in a variety of diseases. Increased levels of IL-1 have been reported in type 2 diabetes (27, 28, 29;), HIV-1 solid tumours, leukaemias, Alzheimers disease, ischaemic disease (30) and atherosclerosis (31), asthma, COPD and OA (32). IL-1 has been shown to exert multiple biological effects by a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies. Its pleiotropic actions are related to its major role on the gene expression of a variety of inflammatory mediators, including prostanoids, nitric oxide, cytokines, chemokines, proteases & adhesion molecules and cytokine receptor expression (32). Excessive production or expression of these inflammatory mediators is associated with disease pathology and tissue remodelling and destruction. Therefore, IL-1 represents a pivotal therapeutic target for many common inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA), asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), type 2 diabetes, ischaemic disease and atherosclerosis.

The present invention provides binding members which bind to IL-1R1 and inhibit the biological activity of IL-1α and/or IL-1β, including fully human antibodies, or antigen-binding portions thereof.

Binding members directed to IL-1R1 have been disclosed in the following International Patent Applications: WO2004/022718, WO 2005/023872, WO 2007/063311, WO 2007/063308 and WO 2006/059108.

In another embodiment the invention provides an isolated binding member, for example, an antibody, specific for IL-1R1 which competes with IL-1Ra for binding to IL-1R1.

In another embodiment the invention provides an isolated binding member specific for IL-1R1 which competes with IL-1 and IL-1Ra for binding to IL-1R1 and binds Il-1R1 with a KD of 10 pM or less when measured by Kinexa™. In one embodiment IL-1 relates to IL-1α, in another embodiment Il-1 relates to IL-1β. In another embodiment Il-1 relates to both IL-1α and IL-1β.

Antibodies which block both IL-1 and IL1Ra binding are believed to be particularity efficacious. In the absence of IL-1, the IL-1R1 internalises with a t_(1/2) of approximately 11 hours, however in the presence of IL-1 the receptor undergoes more rapid internalisation so that t_(1/2) is approximately 1.5 hours [33, 34]. In contrast, IL-1Ra binds IL-1R1 but does not induce increased internalisation of the receptor [35]. When the IL-1R1 is internalised it is not readily recycled back to the membrane surface [33] and so it is possible that antibodies binding to an epitope similar to that of IL-1 alone may be internalised readily, may be channelled into endosomal pathways as a result, and may undergo a greater rate of clearance via this receptor-mediated clearance mechanism. Antibodies to epitopes more similar to IL-1ra may be less susceptible to increase the rate of receptor internalisation and may not undergo increased clearance via a receptor mediated mechanism, and are therefore perhaps more likely to have a circulatory clearance and half-life typical of a human IgG. International patent application WO 2004/022718 disclosed a class of antibodies which blocked both IL-1 and IL-1Ra binding to IL-1R1, however, this class was much less potent than the preferred class of antibodies disclosed which bound to the third domain of Il-1R and prevented Il-1β binding. In contrast, antibodies of the present invention are able to block Il-1 and Il-1Ra binding to Il-1R1 and bind Il-1R1 with high affinity.

In another embodiment of the invention there is provided an isolated binding member specific for IL-1R1 which has a mean IC₅₀, averaged from at least 6 different donors, of less than 1 nM for the inhibition of IL-1β induced IL-6 production in whole human blood in the presence of 30 pM IL-1β. In further embodiments the mean IC₅₀, averaged from at least 10, 15 or 20 different donors. In further embodiments the mean IC₅₀ is less than 800 pM, less than 700 pM, less than 600 pM, less than 500 pM, less than 400 pM, less than 300 pM, less than 300 pM, less than 200 pM, less than 100 pM or less than 50 pM.

Binding members of the invention bind to IL-1R1 and neutralise IL-1R1 with high potency. Neutralisation means inhibition of a biological activity of IL-1R1. Binding members of the invention may neutralise one or more biological activities of IL-1R1, typically binding members of the invention inhibit IL1α and IL1β binding to IL-1R1.

The binding members of the invention may also bind to and neutralize non-human IL-1R1, meaning IL-1R1 orthologs that occur naturally in species other than human.

Binding members of the invention are normally specific for IL-1R1 over other proteins, and thus bind IL-1R1 selectively. Such selectivity may be determined or demonstrated, for example, in a standard competition assay.

Suitable assays for measuring neutralisation of IL-1R1 by binding members of the invention include, for example, ligand receptor biochemical assays and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) (e.g., BIACORE™)

Binding kinetics and affinity (expressed as the equilibrium dissociation constant K_(D)) of IL-1R1-binding members for human IL-1R1 may be determined, e.g. using surface plasmon resonance (BIACORE™). Binding members of the invention normally have an affinity for human IL-1R1 (K_(D)) of less than about 1 nM, and in some embodiments have a KD of less than about 100 pM, in other embodiments have a K_(D) of less than 50 pM, in other embodiments have a K_(D) of less than 25 pM, in other embodiments have a K_(D) of less than 10 pM, in other embodiments have a K_(D) of less than 5 pM, in other embodiments have a K_(D) of less than 3 pM, in other embodiments have a K_(D) of less than 1 pM.

A number of methodologies are available for the measurement of binding affinity of an antibody to its antigens, one such methodology is KinExA™. The Kinetic Exclusion Assay (KinExA™.) is a general purpose immunoassay platform (basically a flow spectrofluorimeter) that is capable of measuring equilibrium dissociation constants, and association and dissociation rate constants for antigen/antibody interactions. Since KinExA™. is performed after equilibrium has been obtained, it is an advantageous technique to use for measuring the K_(D) of high affinity interactions where the off-rate of the interaction may be very slow. The use of KinExA™. is particularly appropriate in this case where the affinity of antibody and antigen are higher than can be accurately predicted by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The KinExA™. methodology can be conducted as described in Drake et al (2004) Analytical Biochemistry 328, 35-43.

In one embodiment of the invention the binding members of the invention are specific for IL-1R with a K_(D) of 300 pM or lower as measured using the KinExA™. methodology. Alternatively a K_(D) of 200 pM or lower, 100 pM or lower, 50 pM or lower, 20 pM or lower or 10 pM or lower, 5 pM or lower, 3 pM or lower, 1 pM or lower.

Inhibition of biological activity may be partial or total. Binding members may inhibit an IL-1R1 biological activity, such as IL-1β induced IL-8 release in CYNOM-K1 cells or IL-1α and IL-1β induced IL-8 release in HeLa cells, by 100%, or alternatively by: at least 95%, at least 90%, at least 85%, at least 80%, at least 75%, at least 70%, at least 60%, or at least 50% of the activity of a concentration of IL-1α or β that induces 50% or 80% of the maximum possible activity in absence of the binding member.

The neutralising potency of a binding member is normally expressed as an IC₅₀ value, in nM unless otherwise stated. In functional assays, IC₅₀ is the concentration of a binding member that reduces a biological response by 50% of its maximum. In ligand-binding studies, IC₅₀ is the concentration that reduces receptor binding by 50% of maximal specific binding level. IC₅₀ may be calculated by plotting % of maximal biological response as a function of the log of the binding member concentration, and using a software program, such as Prism (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, Calif., USA) to fit a sigmoidal function to the data to generate IC₅₀ values. Potency may be determined or measured using one or more assays known to the skilled person and/or as described or referred to herein. The neutralising potency of a binding member can be expressed as a Geomean.

Neutralisation of IL-1R1 activity by a binding member in an assay described herein, indicates that the binding member binds to and neutralises IL-1R1. Other methods that may be used for determining binding of a binding member to IL-1R1 include ELISA, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, affinity chromatography and biochemical assays.

A binding member of the invention may have a similar or stronger affinity for human IL-1R1 than for IL-1R1 of other species. Affinity of a binding member for human IL-1R1 may be, similar to or for example, within 5 or 10-fold that for cynomolgus monkey IL-1R1. Alternatively, a binding member may have a similar binding affinity for human and cynomolgus monkey IL-1R1.

A binding member of the invention comprises an IL-1R1 binding motif comprising one or more CDRs, e.g. a ‘set of CDRs’ within a framework. A set of CDRs comprises one or more CDRs selected from: HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3. In one embodiment a set of CDRs comprises a HCDR3 in Table 2 optionally combined with one or more CDRs selected from: HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, for example one or more CDRs selected from: HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 in Table 2. In another embodiment of the invention a set of CDRs comprises a HCDR3 and a LCDR3 in Table 2 optionally combined with one or more CDRs selected from: HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1 and LCDR2, for example one or more CDRs selected from: HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1 and LCDR2 in Table 2. In another embodiment of the invention a set of CDRs comprises a HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 in Table 2. Whilst it is preferred to select the one or more CDRs from the same antibody in Table 2, CDRs may be selected from one or more antibodies listed in Table 2.

In another embodiment, a binding member of the invention, for example an antibody, comprises an IL-1R1 binding motif comprising one or more CDRs selected from: HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, for example as disclosed in Tables 1a and 1b, wherein said binding member specifically binds Il-1R1.

In another embodiment, a binding member of the invention, for example an antibody, comprises an IL-1R1 binding motif comprising one or more CDRs selected from: HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, for example as disclosed in Tables 1a and 1b, wherein said binding member specifically binds Il-1R1 and competes with IL-1β and IL-1Ra for binding to IL-1R1 and binds Il-1R1 with a K_(D) of 10 pM or less when measured by Kinexa™.

As described herein, a parent antibody molecule was isolated having the set of CDR sequences as shown in Table 1a (see Antibody 1). Through a process of optimisation we generated a panel of antibody clones numbered 2-3, with CDR sequences derived from the parent CDR sequences and having modifications at the positions indicated in Table 1. Thus, for example, it can be seen from Table 1a that Antibody 2 has the parent HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1 and LCDR2, and has a parent HCDR3 sequence in which: Kabat residue 100E is replaced with T, Kabat residue 100F is replaced with V, Kabat residue 100G is replaced with D, Kabat residue 100H is replaced with A, Kabat residue 100I is replaced with A, Kabat residue 101 is replaced with V and Kabat residue 102 is replaced with D.

As described herein, a second parent antibody molecule was isolated having the set of CDR sequences as shown in Table 1b (see Antibody 4). Through a process of optimisation we generated a panel of antibody clones numbered 5-10 with CDR sequences derived from the parent CDR sequences and having modifications at the positions indicated in Table 1b. Thus, for example, it can be seen from Table 1b that Antibody 5 has the parent HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1 and LCDR2, and has a parent HCDR3 sequence in which: Kabat residue 100A is replaced with A, Kabat residue 100B is replaced with P, Kabat residue 100C is replaced with P, Kabat residue 100D is replaced with P, Kabat residue 100E is replaced with L, Kabat residue 100F is replaced with G and Kabat residue 100I is replaced with G. It can also be seen from Table 1b that Antibody 6 has the parent HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1 and LCDR2, and has a parent HCDR3 sequence in which: Kabat residue 100A is replaced with E, Kabat residue 100B is replaced with Q, Kabat residue 100C is replaced with Y, Kabat residue 100D is replaced with G, Kabat residue 100E is replaced with V, Kabat residue 100F is replaced with V, Kabat residue 100J has been deleted, Kabat residue 101 is replaced with F and Kabat residue 102 is replaced with V.

Described herein is a binding member comprising the parent set of CDRs as shown in Table 1a (Antibody 1), in which HCDR1 is SEQ ID NO: 93 (Kabat residues 31-35), HCDR2 is SEQ ID NO: 94 (Kabat residues 50-65), HCDR3 is SEQ ID NO: 95 (Kabat residues 95-102), LCDR1 is SEQ ID NO: 98 (Kabat residues 24-34), LCDR2 is SEQ ID NO: 99 (Kabat residues 50-56) and LCDR3 is SEQ ID NO: 100 (Kabat residues 89-97). The binding member according to the invention may also be the parent binding member (Antibody 1) as shown in Table 1a, wherein one or more of the CDRs have one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions. In some embodiments, the binding member comprises a set of CDRs having from one to twelve additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the parent sequences of Antibody 1. In another embodiment from one to ten additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to Antibody 1. In another embodiment from one to five additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the parent sequences of Antibody 1. In another embodiment one to three additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to Antibody 1.

In certain embodiments the binding member of the invention comprises HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3; wherein the HCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95 optionally having from 1 to 7 amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions; and the LCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100 optionally having from 1 to 5 amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions. In such embodiments, the HCDR1 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 93; the HCDR2 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 94; the LCDR1 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 98; and the LCDR2 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 99. Alternatively, the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the LCDR1, and the LCDR2 may also collectively have one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions relative to the parent sequences (Antibody 1), such as from one to ten substitutions.

Described herein is a binding member comprising the parent set of CDRs as shown in Table 1b (Antibody 4), in which HCDR1 is SEQ ID NO: 103 (Kabat residues 31-35), HCDR2 is SEQ ID NO: 104 (Kabat residues 50-65), HCDR3 is SEQ ID NO: 105 (Kabat residues 95-102), LCDR1 is SEQ ID NO: 108 (Kabat residues 24-34), LCDR2 is SEQ ID NO: 109 (Kabat residues 50-56) and LCDR3 is SEQ ID NO: 110 (Kabat residues 89-97). The binding member according to the invention may also be the parent binding member as shown in Table 1b, wherein one or more of the CDRs have one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions. In some embodiments, the binding member comprises a set of CDRs having from one to fifteen additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the parent sequences of Antibody 4. In another embodiment one to ten additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to Antibody 4. In another embodiment form one to five additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the parent sequences of Antibody 4. In another embodiment one to three additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to Antibody 4.

In certain embodiments the binding member of the invention comprises HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3; wherein the HCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105 optionally having from 1 to 9 amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions; and the LCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110 optionally having from 1 to 6 amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions. In such embodiments, the HCDR1 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 103; the HCDR2 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 104; the LCDR1 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 108; and the LCDR2 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 109. Alternatively, the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the LCDR1, and the LCDR2 may also collectively have one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions relative to the parent sequences (Antibody 4), such as from one to ten substitutions.

Described herein is a binding member comprising the Antibody 6 set of CDRs as shown in Table 1b, in which HCDR1 is SEQ ID NO: 63 (Kabat residues 31-35), HCDR2 is SEQ ID NO: 64 (Kabat residues 50-65), HCDR3 is SEQ ID NO: 65 (Kabat residues 95-102), LCDR1 is SEQ ID NO: 68 (Kabat residues 24-34), LCDR2 is SEQ ID NO: 69 (Kabat residues 50-56) and LCDR3 is SEQ ID NO: 70 (Kabat residues 89-97). The binding member according to the invention may also be the Antibody 6 binding member as shown in Table 1b, wherein one or more of the CDRs have one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions. In some embodiments, the binding member comprises a set of CDRs having from one to seventeen additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the sequences of Antibody 6. In another embodiment one to ten additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to Antibody 6. In another embodiment form one to five additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the sequences of Antibody 6. In another embodiment one to three additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to Antibody 6. In another embodiment one to two additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to Antibody 6. In another embodiment one additions, substitution, deletion or insertion relative to Antibody 6.

In certain embodiments the binding member of the invention comprises HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3; wherein the HCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 optionally having from 1 to 11 amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions; and the LCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 optionally having from 1 to 6 amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or insertions. In such embodiments, the HCDR1 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 63; the HCDR2 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 64; the LCDR1 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 68; and the LCDR2 may have the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 69. Alternatively, the HCDR1, the HCDR2, the LCDR1, and the LCDR2 may also collectively have one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions relative to the sequences of Antibody 6, such as from one to ten substitutions.

A binding member of the invention may comprise one or a combination of CDRs as described herein. For example, the binding member of the invention may comprise an HCDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; an HCDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; an HCDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 95, 5 or 125; an LCDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98; an LCDR2 having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 99; and an LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 100, 10 or 130.

A binding member of the invention may comprise one or a combination of CDRs as described herein. For example, the binding member of the invention may comprise an HCDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103; an HCDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104; an HCDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 105, 15, 65, 25, 35, 75, 45, 115, 55 or 85; an LCDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108; an LCDR2 having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 109; and an LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 110, 20, 70, 30, 40, 80, 50, 120, 60 or 90.

A binding member of the invention may comprise one or a combination of CDRs as described herein. For example, the binding member of the invention may comprise an HCDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; an HCDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; an HCDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:95, 5, 125; 105, 15, 65, 25, 35, 75, 45, 115, 55 or 85 an LCDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98 or 108; an LCDR2 having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 99 or 109; and an LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 100, 10, 130, 110, 20, 70, 30, 40, 80, 50, 120, 60 or 90.

In certain embodiments, the binding member or VH domain of the invention comprises an Antibody 1 HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO:95) with one or more of the following substitutions or deletions:

Kabat residue 100E replaced by T;

Kabat residue 100F replaced V or L;

Kabat residue 100G replaced by D;

Kabat residue 100H replaced by A or P;

Kabat residue 100I replaced by A or P;

Kabat residue 101 replaced by V or G;

Kabat residue 102 replaced by D or V;

In certain embodiments, the binding member or VH domain of the invention comprises an Antibody 4 HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO:105) with one or more of the following substitutions or deletions:

Kabat residue 100A replaced by A or E;

Kabat residue 100B replaced P, Q, or A;

Kabat residue 100C replaced by P, Y, S or L;

Kabat residue 100D replaced by P, G or A;

Kabat residue 100E replaced by L or V;

Kabat residue 100F replaced by G, V or P;

Kabat residue 100G replaced by V;

Kabat residue 100H replaced by Y;

Kabat residue 100I replaced by G or D;

Kabat residue 100J replaced by A or deleted;

Kabat residue 101 replaced by F;

Kabat residue 102 replaced by V.

In some embodiments, a binding member, or a VL domain thereof may comprise the Antibody 1 LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO 100) with one or more of the following substitutions:

Kabat residue 94 replaced by H or A;

Kabat residue 95 replaced by A;

Kabat residue 95A replaced by E or R;

Kabat residue 95B replaced by Q or V;

Kabat residue 97 replaced by H or L.

In some embodiments, a binding member, or a VL domain thereof may comprise the Antibody 4 LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO 110) with one or more of the following substitutions:

Kabat residue 94 replaced by A, V, D, H, L or R;

Kabat residue 95 replaced by G, R or A;

Kabat residue 95A replaced by G, L, A, V or D;

Kabat residue 95B replaced by H, R, A or D;

Kabat residue 96 replaced by H, P or A.

Kabat residue 97 replaced by H, V or Q.

In certain embodiments, the binding member or VH domain of the invention comprises an Antibody 6 HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO:65) with one or more of the following substitutions or additions:

Kabat residue 100A replaced by G or A;

Kabat residue 100B replaced S, P or A;

Kabat residue 100C replaced by D, P, S or L;

Kabat residue 100D replaced by Y, P or A;

Kabat residue 100E replaced by T or L;

Kabat residue 100F replaced by T, G or P;

Kabat residue 100G replaced by V;

Kabat residue 100H replaced by Y;

Kabat residue 100I replaced by G or D;

Kabat residue 100J deleted in Antibody 6 is reinstated as a A or F;

Kabat residue 101 replaced by D;

Kabat residue 102 replaced by I.

In some embodiments, a binding member, or a VL domain thereof may comprise the Antibody 6 LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO 70) with one or more of the following substitutions:

Kabat residue 94 replaced by S, A, D, H, L or R;

Kabat residue 95 replaced by L, G or A;

Kabat residue 95A replaced by S, G, A, V or D;

Kabat residue 95B replaced by G, R, A or D;

Kabat residue 96 replaced by S, P or A.

Kabat residue 97 replaced by L, H or Q.

In one embodiment, the invention is a binding member comprising a set of CDRs in which: HCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, HCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, HCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 5, LCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8, LCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, and LCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 10.

In one embodiment, the invention is a binding member comprising a set of CDRs in which: HCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 63, HCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 64, HCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 65, LCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 68, LCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 69, and LCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 70.

In one embodiment, the invention is a binding member comprising a set of CDRs in which: HCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 23, HCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 24, HCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 25, LCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 28, LCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 29, and LCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 20.

In one embodiment, the invention is a binding member comprising a set of CDRs in which: HCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 113, HCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, HCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 115, LCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 118, LCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 119, and LCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 120.

In one embodiment, the invention is a binding member comprising a set of CDRs in which: HCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 53, HCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 54, HCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 55, LCDR1 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 58, LCDR2 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 59, and LCDR3 has amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 60.

A binding member of the invention may be one which competes or cross-competes for binding to IL-1R1 with any binding member disclosed herein which both binds IL-1R1 and comprises a binding member such as VH and/or VL domain, CDR e.g. HCDR3, and/or set of CDRs disclosed herein, for example the antibodies disclosed in Table 2. Competition between binding members may be assayed easily in vitro, for example using ELISA and/or by tagging a specific reporter molecule to one binding member which can be detected in the presence of one or more other untagged binding members, to enable identification of binding members which bind the same epitope or an overlapping epitope. Such methods are readily known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and are described in more detail herein. Thus, a further aspect of the present invention provides a binding member specific for IL-1R1 that competes or cross-competes for binding to human IL-1R1 with an antibody molecule comprising a VH and/or VL domain or a CDR e.g. HCDR3 or set of CDRs of any of antibodies 1 to 10. In one embodiment, the binding member of the invention competes or cross-competes with Antibody 1 and/or Antibody 3 of Table 2.

Another embodiment of the invention provides binding members which bind to a specific region of IL-1R1, for example an epitope. Specifically the same epitope or part thereof as is bound by any one of the antibodies listed in Table 2.

Another embodiment of the invention provides an isolated binding member which binds an epitope comprised within one or more of the following sequences of 1′-1R1:

-   (i) N123-V134; -   (ii) L140-K157; and/or -   (iii) K178-R180.

Another embodiment of the invention provides an isolated binding member specific for IL-1R1 which binds a discontinuous epitope comprised within the following sequences of IL-1R1:

(i) N123-V134;

(ii) L140-K157; and

(iii) K178-R180.

In further aspects the present invention provides a binding member comprising a human antibody antigen-binding site which competes or cross-competes with an antibody antigen-binding site for binding to human IL-1R1, wherein the antibody antigen-binding site is composed of a VH domain and a VL domain, and wherein the VH and VL domains comprise a set of CDRs of the parent (Antibody 1 or Antibody 4), or of any of antibodies 2 to 3 or 5 to 10 list in Table 2.

Any suitable method may be used to determine the sequence of residues bound by a binding member. For example, a peptide-binding scan may be used, such as a PEPSCAN-based enzyme linked immuno assay (ELISA). In a peptide-binding scan, such as the kind provided by PEPSCAN Systems, short overlapping peptides derived from the antigen are systematically screened for binding to a binding member. The peptides may be covalently coupled to a support surface to form an array of peptides. Peptides may be in a linear or constrained conformation. A constrained conformation may be produced using peptides having a terminal Cys residue at each end of the peptide sequence. The Cys residues can be covalently coupled directly or indirectly to a support surface such that the peptide is held in a looped conformation. Thus, peptides used in the method may have Cys residues added to each end of a peptide sequence corresponding to a fragment of the antigen. Double looped peptides may also be used, in which a Cys residue is additionally located at or near the middle of the peptide sequence. The Cys residues can be covalently coupled directly or indirectly to a support surface such that the peptides form a double-looped conformation, with one loop on each side of the central Cys residue. Peptides can be synthetically generated, and Cys residues can therefore be engineered at desired locations, despite not occurring naturally in the IL-1R1 sequence. Optionally, linear and constrained peptides may both be screened in a peptide-binding assay. A peptide-binding scan may involve identifying (e.g. using ELISA) a set of peptides to which the binding member binds, wherein the peptides have amino acid sequences corresponding to fragments of IL-1R1 (e.g. peptides of about 5, 10 or 15 contiguous residues of IL-1R1), and aligning the peptides in order to determine a footprint of residues bound by the binding member, where the footprint comprises residues common to overlapping peptides.

Alternatively or additionally the peptide-binding scan method may involve identifying peptides to which the binding member binds with at least a given signal:noise ratio. Details of a suitable peptide-binding scan method for determining binding are known in the art. Other methods that are well known in the art and that could be used to determine the residues bound by an antibody, and/or to confirm peptide-binding scan results, include site directed mutagenesis, hydrogen deuterium exchange, mass spectrometry, NMR, and X-ray crystallography.

A binding member of the invention may be an antibody molecule or binding fragment thereof, preferably a human antibody molecule or a humanized antibody molecule or binding fragment thereof. The antibodies may be monoclonal antibodies, especially of human, murine, chimeric or humanized origin, which can be obtained according to the standard methods well known to the person skilled in the art.

Although, as noted below, CDRs can be carried by non-antibody scaffolds, the structure for carrying a CDR or a set of CDRs of the invention will generally be an antibody heavy or light chain sequence or substantial portion thereof in which the CDR or set of CDRs is located at a location corresponding to the CDR or set of CDRs of naturally occurring VH and VL antibody variable domains encoded by rearranged immunoglobulin genes. The structures and locations of immunoglobulin variable domains may be determined by reference to Kabat, et al., 1987 [36], and updates thereof findable under “Kabat” using any internet search engine.

An antibody of the invention normally comprises an antibody VH and/or VL domain. A VH domain of the invention comprises a set of HCDRs, and a VL domain comprises a set of LCDRs. An antibody molecule may comprise an antibody VH domain comprising a VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 and a framework. It may alternatively or also comprise an antibody VL domain comprising a VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 and a framework. An example of an antibody VH domain of the invention is SEQ ID NO. 22, and an example of an antibody VL domain of the invention is SEQ ID NO. 27.

The invention provides binding members comprising a HCDR1 and/or HCDR2 and/or HCDR3 of any of antibodies in Table 2 and/or an LCDR1 and/or LCDR2 and/or LCDR3 of any of antibodies in Table 2. The binding member may comprise a set of VH CDRs, optionally it may also comprise a set of VL CDRs, and the VL CDRs may be from the same or a different antibody as the VH CDRs.

Typically, a VH domain is paired with a VL domain to provide an antibody antigen-binding site, although as discussed further below a VH or VL domain alone may be used to bind antigen. For example, the Antibody 1 VH domain (see Table 2) may be paired with the Antibody 1 VL domain, so that an antibody antigen-binding site is formed comprising both the antibody 1 VH and VL domains. Analogous embodiments are provided for the other VH and VL domains disclosed herein. In other embodiments, the Antibody 1 VH is paired with a VL domain other than the Antibody 1. Light-chain promiscuity is well established in the art. Again, analogous embodiments are provided by the invention for the other VH and VL domains disclosed herein. Thus, the VH of any of the antibodies in Table 2 may be paired with the VL of the same or any other antibodies in Table 2.

A further aspect of the invention is an antibody molecule comprising a VH domain that has at least 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98 or 99% amino acid sequence identity with a VH domain of any of antibodies shown in Table 2, or comprising a set of HCDRs (e.g., HCDR1, HCDR2, and/or HCDR3) shown in Table 1a or 1b. The antibody molecule may optionally also comprise a VL domain that has at least 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98 or 99% amino acid sequence identity with a VL domain of any of the antibodies 1 to 28, or with a set of LCDRs (e.g., LCDR1, LCDR2, and/or LCDR3) shown in Table 1a or 1b. Algorithms that can be used to calculate % identity of two amino acid sequences include e.g. BLAST [37], FASTA [38], or the Smith-Waterman algorithm [39], e.g. employing default parameters.

Binding members of the present invention may further comprise antibody constant regions or parts thereof, e.g. human antibody constant regions or parts thereof. For example, a VL domain may be attached at its C-terminal end to antibody light chain constant domains including human CK or CX chains. Similarly, a binding member based on a VH domain may be attached at its C-terminal end to all or part (e.g. a CH1 domain) of an immunoglobulin heavy chain derived from any antibody isotype, e.g. IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM and any of the isotype sub-classes, particularly IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. IgG1 is advantageous due to its ease of manufacture and stability, e.g., half-life. Any synthetic or other constant region variants which modulate binding member function and/or properties e.g. stabalizing variable regions, may also be useful in the present invention.

Furthermore, it may be desired according to the present invention to modify the amino acid sequences described herein, in particular those of human heavy chain constant regions to adapt the sequence to a desired allotype, e.g. an allotype found in the Caucasian population.

A binding member may comprise an antibody molecule, or binding fragment thereof, having one or more CDRs, e.g. a set of CDRs, within an antibody framework. For example, one or more CDRs or a set of CDRs of an antibody may be grafted into a framework (e.g. human framework) to provide an antibody molecule. The framework regions may be of human germline gene sequences, or be non-germlined. Thus, the framework may be germlined where one or more residues within the framework are changed to match the residues at the equivalent position in the most similar human germline framework. Thus, a binding member of the invention may be an isolated human antibody molecule having a VH domain comprising a set of HCDRs in a human germline framework, e.g. human germline IgG VH framework. The binding member also has a VL domain comprising a set of LCDRs, e.g. in a human germline IgG VL framework.

VH and/or VL framework residues may be modified as discussed and exemplified herein e.g. using site-directed mutagenesis. A VH or VL domain according to the invention, or a binding member comprising such a VL domain, preferably has the VH and/or VL domain sequence of an antibody of Table 2 and comprising a HCDR3 of the invention.

A non-germlined antibody molecule has the same CDRs, but different frameworks, compared to a germlined antibody molecule. Germlined antibodies may be produced by germlining framework regions of the VH and VL domain sequences shown herein for these antibodies.

Alterations may be made in one or more framework regions and/or one or more CDRs. The alterations normally do not result in loss of function, so a binding member comprising a thus-altered amino acid sequence should retain an ability to bind and/or neutralize IL-1R1. It may retain the same quantitative binding and/or neutralizing ability as a binding member in which the alteration is not made, e.g. as measured in an assay described herein. The binding member comprising a thus-altered amino acid sequence may have an improved ability to bind and/or neutralize IL-1R1.

Alteration may comprise replacing one or more amino acid residue(s) with a non-naturally occurring or non-standard amino acid, modifying one or more amino acid residue into a non-naturally occurring or non-standard form, or inserting one or more non-naturally occurring or non-standard amino acid into the sequence. Examples of numbers and locations of alterations in sequences of the invention are described elsewhere herein. Naturally occurring amino acids include the 20 “standard” L-amino acids identified as G, A, V, L, I, M, P, F, W, S, T, N, Q, Y, C, K, R, H, D, E by their standard single-letter codes. Non-standard amino acids include any other residue that may be incorporated into a polypeptide backbone or result from modification of an existing amino acid residue. Non-standard amino acids may be naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring. Several naturally occurring non-standard amino acids are known in the art, such as 4-hydroxyproline, 5-hydroxylysine, 3-methylhistidine, N-acetylserine, etc. [40]. Those amino acid residues that are derivatised at their N-alpha position will only be located at the N-terminus of an amino-acid sequence. Normally in the present invention an amino acid is an L-amino acid, but it may be a D-amino acid. Alteration may therefore comprise modifying an L-amino acid into, or replacing it with, a D-amino acid. Methylated, acetylated and/or phosphorylated forms of amino acids are also known, and amino acids in the present invention may be subject to such modification.

Amino acid sequences in antibody domains and binding members of the invention may comprise non-natural or non-standard amino acids described above. Non-standard amino acids (e.g. D-amino acids) may be incorporated into an amino acid sequence during synthesis, or by modification or replacement of the “original” standard amino acids after synthesis of the amino acid sequence.

Use of non-standard and/or non-naturally occurring amino acids increases structural and functional diversity, and can thus increase the potential for achieving desired IL-1R1-binding and neutralizing properties in a binding member of the invention. Additionally, D-amino acids and analogues have been shown to have better pharmacokinetic profiles compared with standard L-amino acids, owing to in vivo degradation of polypeptides having L-amino acids after administration to an animal e.g. a human.

Novel VH or VL regions carrying CDR-derived sequences of the invention may be generated using random mutagenesis of one or more selected VH and/or VL genes to generate mutations within the entire variable domain. Such a technique is described by Gram et al. [41], who used error-prone PCR. In some embodiments one or two amino acid substitutions are made within an entire variable domain or set of CDRs.

Another method that may be used is to direct mutagenesis to CDR regions of VH or VL genes. Such techniques are disclosed by Barbas et al. [42] and Schier et al. [43].

All the above-described techniques are known as such in the art and the skilled person will be able to use such techniques to provide binding members of the invention using routine methodology in the art.

A further aspect of the invention provides a method for obtaining an antibody antigen-binding site for IL-1R1, the method comprising providing by way of addition, deletion, substitution or insertion of one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence of a VH domain set out herein, optionally combining the VH domain thus provided with one or more VL domains, and testing the VH domain or VH/VL combination or combinations to identify a binding member or an antibody antigen-binding site for IL-1R1 and optionally with one or more desired properties, e.g. ability to neutralize IL-1R1 activity. Said VL domain may have an amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out herein. An analogous method may be employed in which one or more sequence variants of a VL domain disclosed herein are combined with one or more VH domains.

Variable domain amino acid sequence variants of any of the VH and VL domains whose sequences are specifically disclosed herein may be employed in accordance with the present invention, as discussed. Particular variants may include one or more amino acid sequence alterations (addition, deletion, substitution and/or insertion of an amino acid residue). In certain embodiments, the variants have less than about 20, less than 15, less than or less than 5 such alterations.

As noted above, a CDR amino acid sequence substantially as set out herein may be carried as a CDR in a human antibody variable domain or a substantial portion thereof. The HCDR3 sequences substantially as set out herein represent embodiments of the present invention and each of these may be carried as a HCDR3 in a human heavy chain variable domain or a substantial portion thereof, optionally in combination with a HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1, LCDR2 and/or LCDR3 of the invention.

Binding members of the invention also include fragments of antibodies that comprise an antibody antigen binding site. Fragments of an antibody are produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact antibodies. Antibody fragments that comprise an antibody antigen-binding site include, but are not limited to, molecules such as Fab, Fab′, Fab′-SH, scFv, Fv, dAb, Fd and disulphide stabilized variable region (dsFv). Various other antibody molecules including one or more antibody antigen-binding sites have been engineered, including for example Fab₂, Fab₃, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies and minibodies. Antibody molecules and methods for their construction and use are described in Holliger & Hudson (44).

It has been shown that fragments of a whole antibody can perform the function of binding antigens. Examples of binding fragments are (i) the Fab fragment consisting of VL, VH, constant light chain domain (CL) and constant heavy chain domain 1 (CH1) domains; (ii) the Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iii) the Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single antibody; (iv) the dAb fragment [45, 46, 47], which consists of a VH or a VL domain; (v) isolated CDR regions; (vi) F(ab′)2 fragments, a bivalent fragment comprising two linked Fab fragments (vii) single chain Fv molecules (scFv), wherein a VH domain and a VL domain are linked by a peptide linker which allows the two domains to associate to form an antigen binding site [48, 49]; (viii) bispecific single chain Fv dimers (for example as disclosed in WO 1993/011161) and (ix) “diabodies”, multivalent or multispecific fragments constructed by gene fusion (for example as disclosed in WO94/13804 and [50]). Fv, scFv or diabody molecules may be stabilized by the incorporation of disulphide bridges linking the VH and VL domains [51]. Minibodies comprising a scFv joined to a CH3 domain may also be made [52]. Other examples of binding fragments are Fab′, which differs from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain CH1 domain, including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region, and Fab′-SH, which is a Fab′ fragment in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear a free thiol group.

Antibody fragments of the invention can be obtained starting from a parent antibody molecule (Antibody 1 or 4) or any of the antibody molecules 2, 3, 5 to 10, by methods such as digestion by enzymes e.g. pepsin or papain and/or by cleavage of the disulfide bridges by chemical reduction. In another manner, the antibody fragments comprised in the present invention can be obtained by techniques of genetic recombination likewise well known to the person skilled in the art or else by peptide synthesis by means of, for example, automatic peptide synthesizers, such as those supplied by for example the company Applied Biosystems Inc (Foster City, Calif., USA), or by nucleic acid synthesis and expression.

Functional antibody fragments according to the present invention include any functional fragment whose half-life is increased by a chemical modification, for example by PEGylation, or by incorporation in a liposome.

A dAb (domain antibody) is a small monomeric antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, namely the variable region of an antibody heavy or light chain [47]. VH dAbs occur naturally in camelids (e.g. camel, llama) and may be produced by immunizing a camelid with a target antigen, isolating antigen-specific B cells and directly cloning dAb genes from individual B cells. dAbs are also producible in cell culture. Their small size, good solubility and temperature stability makes them particularly physiologically useful and suitable for selection and affinity maturation. Camelid VH dAbs are being developed for therapeutic use under the name “Nanobodies™”. A binding member of the present invention may be a dAb comprising a VH or VL domain substantially as set out herein, or a VH or VL domain comprising a set of CDRs substantially as set out herein.

Antibodies of the invention include bispecific antibodies. Bispecific or bifunctional antibodies form a second generation of monoclonal antibodies in which two different variable regions are combined in the same molecule [53]. Their use has been demonstrated both in the diagnostic field and in the therapy field from their capacity to recruit new effector functions or to target several molecules on the surface of tumour cells. Where bispecific antibodies are to be used, these may be conventional bispecific antibodies, which can be manufactured in a variety of ways [54], e.g. prepared chemically or from hybrid hybridomas, or may be any of the bispecific antibody fragments mentioned above. These antibodies can be obtained by chemical methods [55, 56] or somatic methods [57, 58] but likewise and preferentially by genetic engineering techniques which allow the heterodimerization to be forced and thus facilitate the process of purification of the antibody sought [59]. Examples of bispecific antibodies include those of the BiTE™ technology in which the binding domains of two antibodies with different specificity can be used and directly linked via short flexible peptides. This combines two antibodies on a short single polypeptide chain. Diabodies and scFv can be constructed without an Fc region, using only variable domains, potentially reducing the effects of anti-idiotypic reaction.

Bispecific antibodies can be constructed as entire IgG, as bispecific Fab′2, as Fab′PEG, as diabodies or else as bispecific scFv. Further, two bispecific antibodies can be linked using routine methods known in the art to form tetravalent antibodies.

Bispecific diabodies, as opposed to bispecific whole antibodies, may also be particularly useful because they can be readily constructed and expressed in E. coli. Diabodies (and many other polypeptides, such as antibody fragments) of appropriate binding specificities can be readily selected using phage display (WO 1994/13804) from libraries. If one arm of the diabody is to be kept constant, for instance, with a specificity directed against IL-1R1, then a library can be made where the other arm is varied and an antibody of appropriate specificity selected. Bispecific whole antibodies may be made by alternative engineering methods as described in Ridgeway et al. [60] or a described in WO 1996/27011, WO 1998/50431 and WO 2006/028936.

Alternatively, a binding member of the invention may comprise an antigen-binding site within a non-antibody molecule, normally provided by one or more CDRs e.g. a set of CDRs in a non-antibody protein scaffold, as discussed further below.

An antigen binding site may be provided by means of arrangement of CDRs on non-antibody protein scaffolds, such as fibronectin or cytochrome B etc. [61, 62, 63], or by randomising or mutating amino acid residues of a loop within a protein scaffold to confer binding specificity for a desired target. Scaffolds for engineering novel binding sites in proteins have been reviewed in detail by Nygren et al. [63]. Protein scaffolds for antibody mimics are disclosed in WO200034784, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, in which the inventors describe proteins (antibody mimics) that include a fibronectin type III domain having at least one randomised loop. A suitable scaffold into which to graft one or more CDRs, e.g. a set of HCDRs, may be provided by any domain member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. The scaffold may be a human or non-human protein. An advantage of a non-antibody protein scaffold is that it may provide an antigen-binding site in a scaffold molecule that is smaller and/or easier to manufacture than at least some antibody molecules. Small size of a binding member may confer useful physiological properties, such as an ability to enter cells, penetrate deep into tissues or reach targets within other structures, or to bind within protein cavities of the target antigen. Use of antigen binding sites in non-antibody protein scaffolds is reviewed in Wess, 2004 [64]. Typical are proteins having a stable backbone and one or more variable loops, in which the amino acid sequence of the loop or loops is specifically or randomly mutated to create an antigen-binding site that binds the target antigen. Such proteins include the IgG-binding domains of protein A from S. aureus, transferrin, tetranectin, fibronectin (e.g. 10th fibronectin type III domain), lipocalins as well as gamma-crystalline and other Affilin™ scaffolds (Scil Proteins). Examples of other approaches include synthetic “Microbodies” based on cyclotides—small proteins having intra-molecular disulphide bonds, Microproteins (Versabodies™, Amunix Inc, Mountain View, Calif., USA) and ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins, Molecular Partners AG, Zürich-Schlieren, Switzerland). Such proteins also include small, engineered protein domains such as, for example, immuno-domains (see for example, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2003/082630 and 2003/157561). Immuno-domains contain at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) of an antibody.

A binding member according to the present invention may comprise other amino acids, e.g. forming a peptide or polypeptide, such as a folded domain, or to impart to the molecule another functional characteristic in addition to ability to bind antigen. Binding members of the invention may carry a detectable label, or may be conjugated to a toxin or a targeting moiety or enzyme (e.g. via a peptidyl bond or linker). For example, a binding member may comprise a catalytic site (e.g. in an enzyme domain) as well as an antigen binding site, wherein the antigen binding site binds to the antigen and thus targets the catalytic site to the antigen. The catalytic site may inhibit biological function of the antigen, e.g. by cleavage.

The invention also comprises binding members which have been modified to change, i.e. increase, decrease or eliminate, the biological effect function of the binding members, for example antibodies with modified Fc regions. In some embodiments, the binding members or antibodies as disclosed herein can be modified to enhance their capability of fixing complement and participating in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In other embodiments, the binding members or antibodies can be modified to enhance their capability of activating effector cells and participating in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In yet other embodiments, the binding members or antibodies as disclosed herein can be modified both to enhance their capability of activating effector cells and participating in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) and to enhance their capability of fixing complement and participating in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).

In some embodiments, the binding members or antibodies as disclosed herein can be modified to reduce their capability of fixing complement and participating in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In other embodiments, the binding members or antibodies can be modified to reduce their capability of activating effector cells and participating in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In yet other embodiments, the binding members or antibodies as disclosed herein can be modified both to reduce their capability of activating effector cells and participating in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) and to reduce their capability of fixing complement and participating in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).

In certain embodiments, the half-life of a binding member or antibody as disclosed herein and of compositions of the invention is at least about 4 to 7 days. In certain embodiments, the mean half-life of a binding member or antibody as disclosed herein and of compositions of the invention is at least about 2 to 5 days, 3 to 6 days, 4 to 7 days, 5 to 8 days, 6 to 9 days, 7 to 10 days, 8 to 11 days, 8 to 12, 9 to 13, 10 to 14, 11 to 15, 12 to 16, 13 to 17, 14 to 18, 15 to 19, or 16 to 20 days. In other embodiments, the mean half-life of a binding member or antibody as disclosed herein and of compositions of the invention is at least about 17 to 21 days, 18 to 22 days, 19 to 23 days, 20 to 24 days, 21 to 25, days, 22 to 26 days, 23 to 27 days, 24 to 28 days, 25 to 29 days, or 26 to 30 days. In still further embodiments the half-life of a binding member or antibody as disclosed herein and of compositions of the invention can be up to about 50 days. In certain embodiments, the half-lives of antibodies and of compositions of the invention can be prolonged by methods known in the art. Such prolongation can in turn reduce the amount and/or frequency of dosing of the antibody compositions. Antibodies with improved in vivo half-lives and methods for preparing them are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,375; and International Publication Nos. WO 1998/23289 and WO 1997/3461.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an article of manufacture including a container. The container includes a composition containing a binding member or antibody as disclosed herein, and a package insert or label indicating that the composition can be used to treat disorder associated with IL-1R1.

In other embodiments, the invention provides a kit comprising a composition containing a binding member or antibody as disclosed herein, and instructions to administer the composition to a subject in need of treatment.

The present invention provides formulation of proteins comprising a variant Fc region. That is, a non-naturally occurring Fc region, for example an Fc region comprising one or more non naturally occurring amino acid residues. Also encompassed by the variant Fc regions of present invention are Fc regions which comprise amino acid deletions, additions and/or modifications.

The serum half-life of proteins comprising Fc regions may be increased by increasing the binding affinity of the Fc region for FcRn. In one embodiment, the Fc variant protein has enhanced serum half life relative to comparable molecule.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 239, 330 and 332, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 239D, 330L and 332E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. Optionally, the Fc region may further comprise additional non-naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 252, 254, and 256, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 239D, 330L and 332E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat and at least one non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 252Y, 254T and 256E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 234, 235 and 331, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 234F, 235F, 235Y, and 331S, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a further specific embodiment, an Fc variant of the invention comprises the 234F, 235F, and 331S non naturally occurring amino acid residues, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In another specific embodiment, an Fc variant of the invention comprises the 234F, 235Y, and 331S non naturally occurring amino acid residues, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 234F, 235E and 331S, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises the non naturally occurring amino acid consisting of 234F, 235E and 331S, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. Optionally, the Fc region may further comprise additional non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 252, 254, and 256, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 234F, 235F, 235Y, and 331S, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat; and at least one non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions are selected from the group consisting of 252Y, 254T and 256E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant protein formulation, wherein the Fc region comprises at least a non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 239, 330 and 332, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant protein formulation, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 239D, 330L and 332E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. Optionally, the Fc region may further comprise additional non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 252, 254, and 256, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant protein formulation, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 239D, 330L and 332E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat and at least one non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions are selected from the group consisting of 252Y, 254T and 256E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant protein formulation, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 234, 235 and 331, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant protein formulation, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 234F, 235F, 235Y, and 331S, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. Optionally, the Fc region may further comprise additional non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions selected from the group consisting of 252, 254, and 256, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat. In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides an Fc variant protein formulation, wherein the Fc region comprises at least one non naturally occurring amino acid selected from the group consisting of 234F, 235F, 235Y, and 331S, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat; and at least one non naturally occurring amino acid at one or more positions are selected from the group consisting of 252Y, 254T and 256E, as numbered by the EU index as set forth in Kabat.

Methods for generating non naturally occurring Fc regions are known in the art. For example, amino acid substitutions and/or deletions can be generated by mutagenesis methods, including, but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis (Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492 (1985)), PCR mutagenesis (Higuchi, in “PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications”, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 177-183 (1990)), and cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34:315-323 (1985)). Preferably, site-directed mutagenesis is performed by the overlap-extension PCR method (Higuchi, in “PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification”, Stockton Press, New York, pp. 61-70 (1989)). The technique of overlap-extension PCR (Higuchi, ibid.) can also be used to introduce any desired mutation(s) into a target sequence (the starting DNA). For example, the first round of PCR in the overlap-extension method involves amplifying the target sequence with an outside primer (primer 1) and an internal mutagenesis primer (primer 3), and separately with a second outside primer (primer 4) and an internal primer (primer 2), yielding two PCR segments (segments A and B). The internal mutagenesis primer (primer 3) is designed to contain mismatches to the target sequence specifying the desired mutation(s). In the second round of PCR, the products of the first round of PCR (segments A and B) are amplified by PCR using the two outside primers (primers 1 and 4). The resulting full-length PCR segment (segment C) is digested with restriction enzymes and the resulting restriction fragment is cloned into an appropriate vector. As the first step of mutagenesis, the starting DNA (e.g., encoding an Fc fusion protein, an antibody or simply an Fc region), is operably cloned into a mutagenesis vector. The primers are designed to reflect the desired amino acid substitution. Other methods useful for the generation of variant Fc regions are known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,821; 5,885,573; 5,677,425; 6,165,745; 6,277,375; 5,869,046; 6,121,022; 5,624,821; 5,648,260; 6,528,624; 6,194,551; 6,737,056; 6,821,505; 6,277,375; U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0002587 and PCT Publications WO 94/29351; WO 99/58572; WO 00/42072; WO 02/060919; WO 04/029207; WO 04/099249; WO 04/063351; WO 06/23403).

In some embodiments of the invention, the glycosylation patterns of the antibodies provided herein are modified to enhance ADCC and CDC effector function. See Shields R L et al., (2002) JBC. 277:26733; Shinkawa T et al., (2003) JBC. 278:3466 and Okazaki A et al., (2004) J. Mol. Biol., 336: 1239. In some embodiments, an Fc variant protein comprises one or more engineered glycoforms, i.e., a carbohydrate composition that is covalently attached to the molecule comprising an Fc region. Engineered glycoforms may be useful for a variety of purposes, including but not limited to enhancing or reducing effector function. Engineered glycoforms may be generated by any method known to one skilled in the art, for example by using engineered or variant expression strains, by co-expression with one or more enzymes, for example DI N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTI11), by expressing a molecule comprising an Fc region in various organisms or cell lines from various organisms, or by modifying carbohydrate(s) after the molecule comprising Fc region has been expressed. Methods for generating engineered glycoforms are known in the art, and include but are not limited to those described in Umana et al, 1999, Nat. Biotechnol 17:176-180; Davies et al., 20017 Biotechnol Bioeng 74:288-294; Shields et al, 2002, J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740; Shinkawa et al., 2003, J Biol Chem 278:3466-3473) U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; U.S. Ser. No. 10/277,370; U.S. Ser. No. 10/113,929; PCT WO 00/61739A1; PCT WO 01/292246A1; PCT WO 02/311140A1; PCT WO 02/30954A1; Potillegent™ technology (Biowa, Inc. Princeton, N.J.); GlycoMAb™ glycosylation engineering technology (Glycart Biotechnology AG, Zurich, Switzerland). See, e.g., WO 00/061739; EA01229125; US 20030115614; Okazaki et al., 2004, JMB, 336: 1239-49.

It is also known in the art that the glycosylation of the Fc region can be modified to increase or decrease effector function (see for examples, Umana et al, 1999, Nat. Biotechnol 17:176-180; Davies et al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng 74:288-294; Shields et al, 2002, J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740; Shinkawa et al., 2003, J Biol Chem 278:3466-3473) U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; U.S. Ser. No. 10/277,370; U.S. Ser. No. 10/113,929; PCT WO 00/61739A1; PCT WO 01/292246A1; PCT WO 02/311140A1; PCT WO 02/30954A1; Potillegent™ technology (Biowa, Inc. Princeton, N.J.); GlycoMAb™ glycosylation engineering technology (Glycart Biotechnology AG, Zurich, Switzerland). Accordingly, in one embodiment the Fc regions of the antibodies of the invention comprise altered glycosylation of amino acid residues. In another embodiment, the altered glycosylation of the amino acid residues results in lowered effector function. In another embodiment, the altered glycosylation of the amino acid residues results in increased effector function. In a specific embodiment, the Fc region has reduced fucosylation. In another embodiment, the Fc region is afucosylated (see for examples, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0226867). In another embodiment the Fc region is sialylated, such as wherein at least one galactose moiety is connected to a respective terminal sialic acid moiety by a 2,6 linkage (see for example: International Patent Application Publication No. WO2009079382).

The binding members are useful for treating and/or preventing disorders that are mediated by IL-1R1, especially inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The binding members are also useful for treating and/or preventing disorders that are mediated by IL-1R1 such as HIV-1, solid tumours, leukaemias, Alzheimers disease and ischaemic disease.

Further aspects of the present invention provide for compositions containing binding members of the invention, and their use in methods of inhibiting and/or neutralising IL-1R1, including methods of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

For example, binding members according to the invention may be used in a method of treatment and/or prevention, or used in a method of diagnosis, of a biological response, disease, disorder, or condition in the human or animal body (e.g. in a human patient), or in vitro.

The method of treatment and/or prevention may comprise administering to said patient a binding member of the invention in an amount sufficient to measurably neutralize IL-1R1. Conditions treatable in accordance with the present invention include any in which IL-1R1 plays a role, such as COPD and asthma.

Binding members of the present invention may be used in methods of diagnosis or treatment in human or animal subjects, especially human. Binding member of the invention may be used in the preparation of a medicament for use in methods of diagnosis or treatment in human or animal subjects, especially human. The invention further provides the use of a binding member of the present invention for diagnosis or treatment in human or animal subjects, especially humans. Treatment comprises disorders characterized by biological effects mediated by IL-1R1, particularly inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) asthma and COPD.

Accordingly, the invention provides a method for treating inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma and COPD in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal a binding member of the invention. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma and COPD in a mammal. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma and COPD in a mammal. In one embodiment the mammal is a human, in another embodiment the mammal is a non-human animal. In one embodiment the binding member is an antibody, VH domain, or VL domain of the invention, in an amount sufficient to neutralize IL-1R1.

Accordingly, the invention provides a method for the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis into the lung in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal a binding member of the invention. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis into the lung in a mammal. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention for inhibition of neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis into the lung in a mammal. In one embodiment the mammal is a human, in another embodiment the mammal is a non-human animal. In one embodiment the binding member is an antibody, VH domain, or VL domain of the invention, in an amount sufficient to neutralize IL-1R1.

Accordingly, the invention provides a method for treating a disorder selected from HIV, solid tumours, leukaemias, Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, ischaemic disease and atherosclerosis in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal a binding member of the invention. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder selected from HIV, solid tumours, leukaemias, Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, ischaemic disease and atherosclerosis in a mammal. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention for the treatment of a disorder selected from HIV, solid tumours, leukaemias, Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, ischaemic disease and atherosclerosis in a mammal. In one embodiment the mammal is a human, in another embodiment the mammal is a non-human animal. In one embodiment the binding member is an antibody, VH domain, or VL domain of the invention, in an amount sufficient to neutralize IL-1R1.

When test cells are contacted with the binding member of the invention in vitro, a control cell(s) may also be used for positive controls (e.g., reactions containing no binding member) and/or negative controls (e.g., reactions containing no IL-1R1 and/or antigen).

When cells are contacted by the binding member in vivo, for example, by administering the binding member of the invention to a mammal exhibiting IL-1α- and/or IL-1β-mediated biological responses, the binding member of the invention is administered in amounts sufficient to neutralize IL-1R1.

Still further, the invention provides a method for reducing IL-1R1-mediated activity in a mammal, such as a human, comprising administering a binding member, such as an antibody, VH domain, or VL domain of the invention. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing IL-1R1-mediated activity in a mammal. In another embodiment the invention provides the use of a binding member of the invention for reducing IL-1R1-mediated activity in a mammal. In one embodiment the mammal is a human, in another embodiment the mammal is a non-human animal. In one embodiment the binding member is an antibody, VH domain, or VL domain of the invention, in an amount sufficient to neutralize IL-1R1 and reduce IL-1R1-mediated activity.

Diseases or disorders for which binding members of the invention may be used include but are not limited to:

1. Respiratory tract: obstructive diseases of the airways including: asthma, including bronchial, allergic, intrinsic, extrinsic, exercise-induced, drug-induced (including aspirin and NSAID-induced) and dust-induced asthma, both intermittent and persistent and of all severities, and other causes of airway hyper-responsiveness; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); bronchitis, including infectious and eosinophilic bronchitis; emphysema; bronchiectasis; cystic fibrosis; sarcoidosis; farmer's lung and related diseases; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; lung fibrosis, including cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, fibrosis complicating anti-neoplastic therapy and chronic infection, including tuberculosis and aspergillosis and other fungal infections; complications of lung transplantation; vasculitic and thrombotic disorders of the lung vasculature, and pulmonary hypertension; antitussive activity including treatment of chronic cough associated with inflammatory and secretory conditions of the airways, and iatrogenic cough; acute and chronic rhinitis including rhinitis medicamentosa, and vasomotor rhinitis; perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis including rhinitis nervosa (hay fever); nasal polyposis; acute viral infection including the common cold, and infection due to respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, coronavirus (including SARS), adenovirus, and ARDS and ALI; 2. Bone and joints: arthritides associated with or including osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis, both primary and secondary to, for example, congenital hip dysplasia; cervical and lumbar spondylitis, and low back and neck pain; rheumatoid arthritis and Still's disease; seronegative spondyloarthropathies including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis and undifferentiated spondarthropathy; septic arthritis and other infection-related arthopathies and bone disorders such as tuberculosis, including Potts' disease and Poncet's syndrome; acute and chronic crystal-induced synovitis including urate gout, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, and calcium apatite related tendon, bursal and synovial inflammation; Behcet's disease; primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome; systemic sclerosis and limited scleroderma; systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, and undifferentiated connective tissue disease; inflammatory myopathies including dermatomyositits and polymyositis; polymalgia rheumatica; juvenile arthritis including idiopathic inflammatory arthritides of whatever joint distribution and associated syndromes, and rheumatic fever and its systemic complications; vasculitides including giant cell arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyarteritis, and vasculitides associated with viral infection, hypersensitivity reactions, cryoglobulins, and paraproteins; low back pain; Familial Mediterranean fever, Muckle-Wells syndrome, and Familial Hibernian Fever, Kawasaki's disease, Kikuchi disease; drug-induced arthalgias, tendonititides, and myopathies; 3. Pain and connective tissue remodelling of musculoskeletal disorders due to injury, for example sports injury, or disease: arthitides (for example rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout or crystal arthropathy), other joint disease (such as intervertebral disc degeneration or temporomandibular joint degeneration), bone remodelling disease (such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease or osteonecrosis), polychondritits, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disorder, spondyloarthropathies or periodontal disease (such as periodontitis); 4. Skin: psoriasis, parapsoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis or other eczematous dermatoses, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions; phyto- and photodermatitis; seborrhoeic dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus et atrophica, pyoderma gangrenosum, skin sarcoid, discoid lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, mycosis fungoides, urticaria, angioedema, vasculitides, toxic erythemas, cutaneous eosinophilias, alopecia greata, male-pattern baldness, Sweet's syndrome, Weber-Christian syndrome, erythema multiforme; cellulitis, both infective and non-infective; panniculitis; cutaneous lymphomas, non-melanoma skin cancer and other dysplastic lesions; drug-induced disorders including fixed drug eruptions; 5. Eyes: blepharitis; conjunctivitis, including perennial and vernal allergic conjunctivitis; iritis; anterior and posterior uveitis; choroiditis; autoimmune; degenerative or inflammatory disorders affecting the retina; ophthalmitis including sympathetic ophthalmitis; sarcoidosis; infections including viral, fungal, and bacterial; 6. Gastrointestinal tract: glossitis, gingivitis, periodontitis; oesophagitis, including reflux; eosinophilic gastro-enteritis, mastocytosis, Crohn's disease, colitis e.g. ulcerative colitis, indeterminant colitis, proctitis, microscopic colitis, pruritis ani; Coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, irritable bowel disorder, non-inflammatory diarrhoea and food-related allergies which may have effects remote from the gut (for example migraine, rhinitis or eczema); 7. Abdominal: hepatitis, including autoimmune, alcoholic and viral; fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver; cholecystitis; pancreatitis, both acute and chronic; 8. Genitourinary: nephritis including interstitial and glomerulonephritis; nephrotic syndrome; cystitis including acute and chronic (interstitial) cystitis and Hunner's ulcer; acute and chronic urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, oophoritis and salpingitis; vulvo-vaginitis; Peyronie's disease; erectile dysfunction (both male and female); 9. Allograft rejection: acute and chronic following, for example, transplantation of kidney, heart, liver, lung, bone marrow, skin or cornea or following blood transfusion; or acute and chronic graft versus host disease; 10. CNS: Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders including CJD and nvCJD; amyloidosis; multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating syndromes; cerebral atherosclerosis and vasculitis; temporal arteritis; myasthenia gravis; acute and chronic pain (acute, intermittent or persistent, whether of central or peripheral origin) including visceral pain, headache, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia, atypical facial pain, joint and bone pain, pain arising from cancer and tumor invasion, neuropathic pain syndromes including diabetic, post-herpetic, and HIV-associated neuropathies; tropical spastic paraparesis, neurosarcoidosis; central and peripheral nervous system complications of malignant, infectious or autoimmune processes; 11. Other auto-immune and allergic disorders (including in combination with other allergy therapies) including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura, eosinophilic fasciitis, hyper-IgE syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome; pre-term labour 12. Other disorders with an inflammatory or immunological component; including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), leprosy, Sezary syndrome, and paraneoplastic syndromes; 13. Cardiovascular: atherosclerosis, affecting the coronary and peripheral circulation; pericarditis; myocarditis, inflammatory and auto-immune cardiomyopathies including myocardial sarcoid; ischaemic reperfusion injuries; endocarditis, valvulitis, and aortitis including infective (for example syphilitic); vasculitides; disorders of the proximal and peripheral veins including phlebitis and thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis and complications of varicose veins; and 14. Oncology: treatment of common cancers including prostate, breast, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, bowel and colon, stomach, skin and brain tumours and malignancies affecting the bone marrow (including the leukaemias) and lymphoproliferative systems, such as Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; including the prevention and treatment of metastatic disease and tumour recurrences, and paraneoplastic syndromes.

The data presented herein with respect to binding and neutralization of IL-1R1 thus indicate that binding members of the invention can be used to treat or prevent such disorders, including the reduction of severity of the disorders. Accordingly, the invention provides a method of treating or reducing the severity of at least one symptom of any of the disorders mentioned herein, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of one or more binding members of the present invention alone or in a combined therapeutic regimen with another appropriate medicament known in the art or described herein such that the severity of at least one symptom of any of the above disorders is reduced.

Binding members of the invention may be used in appropriate animals and in animal models of disease, especially monkeys.

Thus, the binding members of the present invention are useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases or disorders involving IL-1R1, e.g. IL-1R1 production, expression and/or activity, especially aberrant production, expression, or activity. A method of treatment may comprise administering an effective amount of a binding member of the invention to a patient in need thereof, wherein production, expression and/or activity of IL-1R1 is thereby decreased. A method of treatment may comprise (i) identifying a patient demonstrating increased IL-1R1 or IL-1 levels or activity thereof, for instance using the diagnostic methods described above, and (ii) administering an effective amount of a binding member of the invention to the patient, wherein increased production, expression and/or activity of IL-1R1 is decreased. An alternative method of treatment may comprise (i) identifying a patient who has no apparent increase in IL-1R1-mediated activity but who is believed to benefit from administration of a binding member of the invention, and (ii) administering an effective amount of a binding member of the invention to the patient. An effective amount according to the invention is an amount that decreases the increased production, expression and/or activity of IL-1R1 so as to decrease or lessen the severity of at least one symptom of the particular disease or disorder being treated, but not necessarily cure the disease or disorder.

The invention also provides a method of antagonising at least one effect of IL-1R1 comprising contacting with or administering an effective amount of one or more binding members of the present invention such that said at least one effect of IL-1R1 is antagonised. Effects of IL-1R1 that may be antagonised by the methods of the invention include biological responses mediated by IL-1α and/or IL-1β, and any downstream effects that arise as a consequence of these binding reactions.

Accordingly, further aspects of the invention provide the use of an isolated binding member, such as an antibody, VH domain or VL domain of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disorder associated with, or mediated by, IL-1R1 as discussed herein. Such use of, or methods of making, a medicament or pharmaceutical composition comprise formulating the binding member with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

A pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be a compound or a combination of compounds entering into a pharmaceutical composition not provoking secondary reactions and which allows, for example, facilitation of the administration of the active compound(s), an increase in its lifespan and/or in its efficacy in the body, an increase in its solubility in solution or else an improvement in its conservation. These pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are well known and will be adapted by the person skilled in the art as a function of the nature and of the mode of administration of the active compound(s) chosen.

Binding members of the present invention will usually be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, which may comprise at least one component in addition to the binding member. Thus pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention, and for use in accordance with the present invention, may comprise, in addition to active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, buffer, stabilizer or other materials well known to those skilled in the art. Such materials should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient. The precise nature of the carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration, which may be oral, inhaled, intra-tracheal, topical, intra-vesicular or by injection, as discussed below.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration, such as for example single domain antibody molecules (e.g. “Nanobodies™”) etc are also envisaged in the present invention. Such oral formulations may be in tablet, capsule, powder, liquid or semi-solid form. A tablet may comprise a solid carrier, such as gelatin or an adjuvant. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally comprise a liquid carrier, such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included.

For intra-venous injection, or injection at the site of affliction, the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles, such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection. Preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be employed as required including buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride; benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens, such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3′-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamine, asparagines, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose or dextrins; chelating agents, such as EDTA; sugars, such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions, such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants, such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Binding members of the present invention may be formulated in liquid, semi-solid or solid forms depending on the physicochemical properties of the molecule and the route of delivery. Formulations may include excipients, or combinations of excipients, for example: sugars, amino acids and surfactants. Liquid formulations may include a wide range of antibody concentrations and pH. Solid formulations may be produced by lyophilisation, spray drying, or drying by supercritical fluid technology, for example. Formulations of anti-IL-1R1 will depend upon the intended route of delivery: for example, formulations for pulmonary delivery may consist of particles with physical properties that ensure penetration into the deep lung upon inhalation; topical formulations (e.g. for treatment of scarring, e.g. dermal scarring) may include viscosity modifying agents, which prolong the time that the drug is resident at the site of action. A binding member may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the binding member against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are known to those skilled in the art [65].

Anti-IL-1R1 treatment may be given orally (such as for example single domain antibody molecules (e.g. “Nanobodies™”)) by injection (for example, subcutaneously, intra-articular, intra-venously, intra-peritoneal, intra-arterial or intra-muscularly), by inhalation, intra-tracheal, by the intra-vesicular route (instillation into the urinary bladder), or topically (for example intra-ocular, intra-nasal, rectal, into wounds, on skin). The treatment may be administered by pulse infusion, particularly with declining doses of the binding member. The route of administration can be determined by the physicochemical characteristics of the treatment, by special considerations for the disease or by the requirement to optimize efficacy or to minimize side-effects. One particular route of administration is intra-venous. Another route of administering pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is subcutaneously. It is envisaged that anti-IL-1R1 treatment will not be restricted to use in the clinic. Therefore, subcutaneous injection using a needle-free device is also advantageous.

Examples of intravenous formulations include:

25 mM histidine,

120 mM sodium chloride

pH 6.0.

A binding member for IL-1R1 or composition comprising a binding member for IL-1R1 may be used as part of a combination therapy in conjunction with an additional medicinal component. Combination treatments may be used to provide significant synergistic effects, particularly the combination of an anti-IL-1R1 binding member with one or more other drugs. A binding member for IL-1R1 may be administered concurrently or sequentially or as a combined preparation with another therapeutic agent or agents, for the treatment of one or more of the conditions listed herein.

A binding member of the invention may be formulated and/or used in combination with other available treatments for Il-1R1 mediated diseases such as obstructive diseases of the airways, asthma and allergic disorders, or other disorders involving IL-1R1 mediated effects.

A binding member according to the present invention may be provided as sole therapy or in combination or addition with one or more of the following agents:

-   -   a cytokine or agonist or antagonist of cytokine function (e.g.         an agent which acts on cytokine signalling pathways, such as a         modulator of the SOCS system), such as an alpha-, beta- and/or         gamma-interferon; insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1), its         receptors and associated binding proteins; interleukins (IL),         e.g. one or more of IL-2 to −33, and/or an interleukin         antagonist or inhibitor, such as anakinra; inhibitors of         receptors of interleukin family members or inhibitors of         specific subunits of such receptors, a tumour necrosis factor         alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor, such as an anti-TNF monoclonal         antibodies (for example infliximab, adalimumab and/or CDP-870)         and/or a TNF receptor antagonist, e.g. an immunoglobulin         molecule (such as etanercept) and/or a low-molecular-weight         agent, such as pentoxyfylline;     -   a modulator of B cells, e.g. a monoclonal antibody targeting         B-lymphocytes (such as CD20 (rituximab) or MRA-aIL16R) or         T-lymphocytes (e.g. CTLA4-Ig, HuMax Il-15 or Abatacept);     -   a modulator that inhibits osteoclast activity, for example an         antibody to RANKL;     -   a modulator of chemokine or chemokine receptor function, such as         an antagonist of CCR1, CCR2, CCR2A, CCR2B, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5,         CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CCR10 and CCR11 (for the C-C family);         CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR5 and CXCR6 (for the C—X—C         family) and CX₃CR1 for the C—X₃-C family;     -   an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), i.e. one or more         of the stromelysins, the collagenases and the gelatinases as         well as aggrecanase, especially collagenase-1 (MMP-1),         collagenase-2 (MMP-8), collagenase-3 (MMP-13), stromelysin-1         (MMP-3), stromelysin-2 (MMP-10) and/or stromelysin-3 (MMP-11)         and/or MMP-9 and/or MMP-12, e.g. an agent such as doxycycline;     -   a leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)         inhibitor or 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP)         antagonist, such as zileuton; ABT-761; fenleuton; tepoxalin;         Abbott-79175; Abbott-85761;         N-(5-substituted)-thiophene-2-alkylsulfonamides;         2,6-di-tert-butylphenolhydrazones; methoxytetrahydropyrans such         as Zeneca ZD-2138; the compound SB-210661; a         pyridinyl-substituted 2-cyanonaphthalene compound, such as         L-739,010; a 2-cyanoquinoline compound, such as L-746,530;         indole and/or a quinoline compound, such as MK-591, MK-886         and/or BAY×1005;     -   a receptor antagonist for leukotrienes (LT) B4, LTC4, LTD4, and         LTE4, selected from the group consisting of the         phenothiazin-3-1s, such as L-651,392; amidino compounds, such as         CGS-25019c; benzoxalamines, such as ontazolast;         benzenecarboximidamides, such as BIIL 284/260; and compounds,         such as zafirlukast, ablukast, montelukast, pranlukast,         verlukast (MK-679), RG-12525, Ro-245913, iralukast (CGP 45715A)         and BAY×7195;     -   a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, such as a methylxanthanine,         e.g. theophylline and/or aminophylline; and/or a selective PDE         isoenzyme inhibitor, e.g. a PDE4 inhibitor and/or inhibitor of         the isoform PDE4D and/or an inhibitor of PDE5;     -   a histamine type 1 receptor antagonist, such as cetirizine,         loratadine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, acrivastine,         terfenadine, astemizole, azelastine, levocabastine,         chlorpheniramine, promethazine, cyclizine, and/or mizolastine         (generally applied orally, topically or parenterally);     -   a proton pump inhibitor (such as omeprazole) or gastroprotective         histamine type 2 receptor antagonist;     -   an antagonist of the histamine type 4 receptor;     -   an alpha-1/alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist vasoconstrictor         sympathomimetic agent, such as propylhexedrine, phenylephrine,         phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, naphazoline         hydrochloride, oxymetazoline hydrochloride, tetrahydrozoline         hydrochloride, xylometazoline hydrochloride, tramazoline         hydrochloride and ethylnorepinephrine hydrochloride;     -   an anticholinergic agent, e.g. a muscarinic receptor (M1, M2,         and M3) antagonist, such as atropine, hyoscine, glycopyrrrolate,         ipratropium bromide, tiotropium bromide, oxitropium bromide,         pirenzepine and telenzepine;     -   a beta-adrenoceptor agonist (including beta receptor subtypes         1-4), such as isoprenaline, salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol,         terbutaline, orciprenaline, bitolterol mesylate and/or         pirbuterol, e.g. a chiral enantiomer thereof;     -   a chromone, e.g. sodium cromoglycate and/or nedocromil sodium;     -   a glucocorticoid, such as flunisolide, triamcinolone acetonide,         beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide, fluticasone propionate,         ciclesonide, and/or mometasone furoate;     -   an agent that modulate nuclear hormone receptors, such as a         PPAR;     -   an immunoglobulin (Ig) or Ig preparation or an antagonist or         antibody modulating Ig function, such as anti-IL-1R1 that binds         to the same or a different epitope as the binding member of the         invention;     -   other systemic or topically-applied anti-inflammatory agent,         e.g. thalidomide or a derivative thereof, a retinoid, dithranol         and/or calcipotriol;     -   combinations of aminosalicylates and sulfapyridine, such as         sulfasalazine, mesalazine, balsalazide, and olsalazine; and         immunomodulatory agents, such as the thiopurines; and         corticosteroids, such as budesonide;     -   an antibacterial agent, e.g. a penicillin derivative, a         tetracycline, a macrolide, a beta-lactam, a fluoroquinolone,         metronidazole and/or an inhaled aminoglycoside; and/or an         antiviral agent, e.g. acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir,         ganciclovir, cidofovir; amantadine, rimantadine; ribavirin;         zanamavir and/or oseltamavir; a protease inhibitor, such as         indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir and/or saquinavir; a nucleoside         reverse transcriptase inhibitor, such as didanosine, lamivudine,         stavudine, zalcitabine, zidovudine; a non-nucleoside reverse         transcriptase inhibitor, such as nevirapine, efavirenz;     -   a cardiovascular agent, such as         -   1) Anti dyslipidaemia agents such as, HMG-CoA reductase             inhibitors (eg statins); PPARa agonists (fibrates, eg             gemfibrozil); bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine);             cholesterol absorption inhibitors (plant stanols, synthetic             inhibitors); bile acid absorption inhibitors (IBATi) and             nicotinic acid and analogues (niacin and slow release             formulations);         -   2) Antihypertensive agents such as, β blockers (eg atenolol,             inderal); ACE inhibitors (eg lisinopril); Calcium             antagonists (eg. nifedipine); Angiotensin receptor             antagonists (eg candesartan), a antagonists and diuretic             agents (eg. furosemide, benzthiazide);         -   3) Haemostasis modulators such as, antithrombotics,             activators of fibrinolysis and antiplatelet agents; thrombin             antagonists; factor Xa inhibitors; factor VIIa inhibitors);             antiplatelet agents (eg. aspirin, clopidogrel);             anticoagulants (heparin and Low molecular weight analogues,             hirudin) and warfarin;         -   4) Agents which antagonise the actions of glucagon; and         -   5) Anti-inflammatory agents, such as non steroidal anti             inflammatory drugs (eg. aspirin) and steroidal             anti-inflammatory agents (eg. cortisone).         -   6) modulators of blood cell morphology, such as             pentoxyfylline.     -   an anti-diabetic agent such as:         -   1) Insulin and insulin analogues;         -   2) Insulin secretagogues including sulphonylureas (for             example glibenclamide, glipizide), prandial glucose             regulators (for example repaglinide, nateglinide);         -   3) Agents that improve incretin action (for example             dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors for example Saxagliptin,             Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin or Alogliptin, and GLP-1             agonists);         -   4) Insulin sensitising agents including PPARgamma agonists             (for example pioglitazone and rosiglitazone), and agents             with combined PPARalpha and gamma activity;         -   5) Agents that modulate hepatic glucose balance (for example             metformin, fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase inhibitors, glycogen             phopsphorylase inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase             inhibitors);         -   6) Agents designed to reduce the absorption of glucose from             the intestine (for example acarbose);         -   7) Agents that prevent the reabsorption of glucose by the             kidney (SGLT inhibitors);         -   8) Agents designed to treat the complications of prolonged             hyperglycaemia (for example aldose reductase inhibitors);     -   an anti-obesity agent such as a noradrenaline/serotonin         non-selective reuptake inhibitor.     -   a CNS agent, such as an antidepressant (such as sertraline),         anti-Parkinsonian drug (such as deprenyl, L-dopa, ropinirole,         pramipexole; MAOB inhibitor, such as selegine and rasagiline;         comP inhibitor, such as tasmar; A-2 inhibitor, dopamine reuptake         inhibitor, NMDA antagonist, nicotine agonist, dopamine agonist         and/or inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase) and an         anti-Alzheimer's drug, such as donepezil, rivastigmine, tacrine,         COX-2 inhibitor, propentofylline or metrifonate;     -   an agent for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, e.g. a         centrally or peripherally-acting analgesic, such as an opioid         analogue or derivative, carbamazepine, phenyloin, sodium         valproate, amitryptiline or other antidepressant agent,         paracetamol, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent;     -   a parenterally or topically-applied (including inhaled) local         anaesthetic agent, such as lignocaine or an analogue thereof;     -   an anti-osteoporosis agent, e.g. a hormonal agent, such as         raloxifene, or a biphosphonate, such as alendronate;     -   (i) a tryptase inhibitor; (ii) a platelet activating factor         (PAF) antagonist; (iii) an interleukin converting enzyme (ICE)         inhibitor; (iv) an IMPDH inhibitor; (v) an adhesion molecule         inhibitors including VLA-4 antagonist; (vi) a cathepsin; (vii) a         kinase inhibitor, e.g. an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases (such as         Btk, Itk, Jak3 MAP examples of inhibitors might include         Gefitinib, Imatinib mesylate), a serine/threonine kinase (e.g.         an inhibitor of MAP kinase, such as p38, JNK, protein kinases A,         B and C and IKK), or a kinase involved in cell cycle regulation         (e.g. a cylin dependent kinase); (viii) a glucose-6 phosphate         dehydrogenase inhibitor; (ix) a kinin-B.sub1.- and/or         B.sub2.-receptor antagonist; (x) an anti-gout agent, e.g.         colchicine; (xi) a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, e.g.         allopurinol; (xii) a uricosuric agent, e.g. probenecid,         sulfinpyrazone, and/or benzbromarone; (xiii) a growth hormone         secretagogue; (xiv) transforming growth factor (TGFβ); (xv)         platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF); (xvi) fibroblast growth         factor, e.g. basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF); (xvii)         granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor         (GM-CSF); (xviii) capsaicin cream; (xix) a tachykinin NK.sub1.         and/or NK.sub3. receptor antagonist, such as NKP-608C, SB-233412         (talnetant) and/or D-4418; (xx) an elastase inhibitor, e.g.         UT-77 and/or ZD-0892; (xxi) a TNF-alpha converting enzyme         inhibitor (TACE); (xxii) induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)         inhibitor or (xxiii) a chemoattractant receptor-homologous         molecule expressed on TH2 cells (such as a CRTH2         antagonist); (xxiv) an inhibitor of a P38 (xxv) agent modulating         the function of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and (xxvi) an agent         modulating the activity of purinergic receptors, such as         P2X7; (xxvii) an inhibitor of transcription factor activation,         such as NFkB, API, and/or STATS.

A binding member according to the present invention may also be provided as sole therapy or in combination or addition with conventional surgery or radiotherapy or cancer chemotherapy. Such cancer chemotherapy may include one or more of the following categories of anti-tumour agents:—

-   (i) other antiproliferative/antineoplastic drugs and combinations     thereof, as used in medical oncology, such as alkylating agents (for     example cis-platin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide,     nitrogen mustard, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulphan, temozolamide     and nitrosoureas); antimetabolites (for example gemcitabine and     antifolates such as fluoropyrimidines like 5-fluorouracil and     tegafur, raltitrexed, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and     hydroxyurea); antitumour antibiotics (for example anthracyclines     like adriamycin, bleomycin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, epirubicin,     idarubicin, mitomycin-C, dactinomycin and mithramycin); antimitotic     agents (for example vinca alkaloids like vincristine, vinblastine,     vindesine and vinorelbine and taxoids like taxol and taxotere and     polokinase inhibitors); and topoisomerase inhibitors (for example     epipodophyllotoxins like etoposide and teniposide, amsacrine,     topotecan and camptothecin); -   (ii) cytostatic agents such as antioestrogens (for example     tamoxifen, fulvestrant, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene and     iodoxyfene), antiandrogens (for example bicalutamide, flutamide,     nilutamide and cyproterone acetate), LHRH antagonists or LHRH     agonists (for example goserelin, leuprorelin and buserelin),     progestogens (for example megestrol acetate), aromatase inhibitors     (for example as anastrozole, letrozole, vorazole and exemestane) and     inhibitors of 5α-reductase such as finasteride; -   (iii) anti-invasion agents [for example c-Src kinase family     inhibitors like     4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline     (AZD0530; International Patent Application WO 01/94341),     N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-{6-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methylpyrimidin-4-ylamino}thiazole-5-carboxamide     (dasatinib, BMS-354825; J. Med. Chem., 2004, 47, 6658-6661) and     bosutinib (SKI-606), and metalloproteinase inhibitors like     marimastat, inhibitors of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor     function or antibodies to Heparanase]; -   (iv) inhibitors of growth factor function: for example such     inhibitors include growth factor antibodies and growth factor     receptor antibodies (for example the anti-erbB2 antibody trastuzumab     [Herceptin™], the anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab, the anti-erbB1     antibody cetuximab [Erbitux, C225] and any growth factor or growth     factor receptor antibodies disclosed by Stern et al. Critical     reviews in oncology/haematology, 2005, Vol. 54, pp 11-29); such     inhibitors also include tyrosine kinase inhibitors, for example     inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor family (for example EGFR     family tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as     N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)quinazolin-4-amine     gefitinib, ZD1839),     N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)quinazolin-4-amine     (erlotinib, OSI-774) and     6-acrylamido-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-quinazolin-4-amine     (CI 1033), erbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as lapatinib);     inhibitors of the hepatocyte growth factor family; inhibitors of the     insulin growth factor family; inhibitors of the platelet-derived     growth factor family such as imatinib and/or nilotinib (AMN107);     inhibitors of serine/threonine kinases (for example Ras/Raf     signalling inhibitors such as farnesyl transferase inhibitors, for     example sorafenib (BAY 43-9006), tipifarnib (R115777) and lonafarnib     (SCH66336)), inhibitors of cell signalling through MEK and/or AKT     kinases, c-kit inhibitors, abl kinase inhibitors, PI3 kinase     inhibitors, Plt3 kinase inhibitors, CSF-1R kinase inhibitors, IGF     receptor (insulin-like growth factor) kinase inhibitors; aurora     kinase inhibitors (for example AZD1152, PH739358, VX-680, MLN8054,     R763, MP235, MP529, VX-528 AND AX39459) and cyclin dependent kinase     inhibitors such as CDK2 and/or CDK4 inhibitors; -   (v) antiangiogenic agents such as those which inhibit the effects of     vascular endothelial growth factor, [for example the anti-vascular     endothelial cell growth factor antibody bevacizumab (Avastin™) and     for example, a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as     vandetanib (ZD6474), vatalanib (PTK787), sunitinib (SU11248),     axitinib (AG-013736), pazopanib (GW 786034) and     4-(4-fluoro-2-methylindol-5-yloxy)-6-methoxy-7-(3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropoxy)quinazoline     (AZD2171; Example 240 within WO 00/47212), compounds such as those     disclosed in International Patent Applications WO97/22596, WO     97/30035, WO 97/32856 and WO 98/13354 and compounds that work by     other mechanisms (for example linomide, inhibitors of integrin αvβ3     function and angiostatin)]; -   (vi) vascular damaging agents such as Combretastatin A4 and     compounds disclosed in International Patent Applications WO     99/02166, WO 00/40529, WO 00/41669, WO 01/92224, WO 02/04434 and WO     02/08213; -   (vii) an endothelin receptor antagonist, for example zibotentan     (ZD4054) or atrasentan; -   (viii) antisense therapies, for example those which are directed to     the targets listed above, such as ISIS 2503, an anti-ras antisense; -   (ix) gene therapy approaches, including for example approaches to     replace aberrant genes such as aberrant p53 or aberrant BRCA1 or     BRCA2, GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy) approaches such     as those using cytosine deaminase, thymidine kinase or a bacterial     nitroreductase enzyme and approaches to increase patient tolerance     to chemotherapy or radiotherapy such as multi-drug resistance gene     therapy; and -   (x) immunotherapy approaches, including for example ex-vivo and     in-vivo approaches to increase the immunogenicity of patient tumour     cells, such as transfection with cytokines such as interleukin 2,     interleukin 4 or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor,     approaches to decrease T-cell anergy, approaches using transfected     immune cells such as cytokine-transfected dendritic cells,     approaches using cytokine-transfected tumour cell lines and     approaches using anti-idiotypic antibodies.

An inhibitor may be specific or may be a mixed inhibitor, e.g. an inhibitor targeting more than one of the molecules (e.g. receptors) or molecular classes mentioned above.

The binding member could also be used in association with a chemotherapeutic agent such as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in co-administration or in the form of an immunoconjugate. Fragments of said antibody could also be use in bispecific antibodies obtained by recombinant mechanisms or biochemical coupling and then associating the specificity of the above described antibody with the specificity of other antibodies able to recognize other molecules involved in the activity for which IL-1R1 is associated.

For treatment of an inflammatory disease, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or psoriasis, a binding member of the invention may be combined with one or more agents, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (hereinafter NSAIDs) including non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-1/COX-2 inhibitors whether applied topically or systemically, such as piroxicam, diclofenac, propionic acids, such as naproxen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen and ibuprofen, fenamates, such as mefenamic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, azapropazone, pyrazolones, such as phenylbutazone, salicylates, such as aspirin); selective COX-2 inhibitors (such as meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, lumarocoxib, parecoxib and etoricoxib); cyclo-oxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donors (CINODs); glucocorticosteroids (whether administered by topical, oral, intra-muscular, intra-venous or intra-articular routes); methotrexate, leflunomide; hydroxychloroquine, d-penicillamine, auranofin or other parenteral or oral gold preparations; analgesics; diacerein; intra-articular therapies, such as hyaluronic acid derivatives; and nutritional supplements, such as glucosamine.

A binding member of the invention and one or more of the above additional medicinal components may be used in the manufacture of a medicament. The medicament may be for separate or combined administration to an individual, and accordingly may comprise the binding member and the additional component as a combined preparation or as separate preparations. Separate preparations may be used to facilitate separate and sequential or simultaneous administration, and allow administration of the components by different routes e.g. oral and parenteral administration.

In accordance with the present invention, compositions provided may be administered to mammals. Administration is normally in a “therapeutically effective amount”, this being sufficient to show benefit to a patient. Such benefit may be at least amelioration of at least one symptom. The actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the composition, the type of binding member, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration and other factors known to medical practitioners. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc, is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors and may depend on the severity of the symptoms and/or progression of a disease being treated. Appropriate doses of antibody are well known in the art [66, 67]. Specific dosages indicated herein or in the Physician's Desk Reference (2003) as appropriate for the type of medicament being administered may be used. A therapeutically effective amount or suitable dose of a binding member of the invention can be determined by comparing its in vitro activity and in vivo activity in an animal model. Methods for extrapolation of effective dosages in mice and other test animals to humans are known. The precise dose will depend upon a number of factors, including whether the antibody is for diagnosis, prevention or for treatment, the size and location of the area to be treated, the precise nature of the antibody (e.g. whole antibody, fragment or diabody) and the nature of any detectable label or other molecule attached to the antibody. A typical antibody dose will be in the range 100 μg to 1 g for systemic applications, and 1 μg to 1 mg for topical applications. An initial higher loading dose, followed by one or more lower doses, may be administered. Typically, the antibody will be a whole antibody, e.g. the IgG1 isotype, IgG2 isotype, IgG3 isotype or IgG4 isotype. This is a dose for a single treatment of an adult patient, which may be proportionally adjusted for children and infants, and also adjusted for other antibody formats in proportion to molecular weight. Treatments may be repeated at daily, twice-weekly, weekly or monthly intervals, at the discretion of the physician. Treatments may be every two to four weeks for subcutaneous administration and every four to eight weeks for intra-venous administration. Treatment may be periodic, and the period between administrations is about two weeks or more, e.g. about three weeks or more, about four weeks or more, or about once a month. Treatment may be given before, and/or after surgery, and/or may be administered or applied directly at the anatomical site of surgical treatment.

The binding members of the invention also have diagnostic utility, such as for detecting the presence or amount of IL-1R1, such as in a sample patient with an obstructive disease of the airways or other inflammatory disorder involving IL-1R. Such diagnositic utility may involve labelling a binding member of the invention.

Binding members of the invention may be labelled with a detectable or functional label. Thus, a binding member or antibody molecule can be present in the form of an immunoconjugate so as to obtain a detectable and/or quantifiable signal. An immunoconjugate may comprise an antibody molecule of the invention conjugated with detectable or functional label. A label can be any molecule that produces or can be induced to produce a signal, including but not limited to fluorescers, radiolabels, enzymes, chemiluminescers or photosensitizers. Thus, binding may be detected and/or measured by detecting fluorescence or luminescence, radioactivity, enzyme activity or light absorbance.

Suitable labels include, by way of illustration and not limitation,

-   -   enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate         dehydrogenase (“G6PDH”), alpha-D-galactosidase, glucose oxydase,         glucose amylase, carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase,         lysozyme, malate dehydrogenase and peroxidase e.g. horseradish         peroxidase;     -   dyes;     -   fluorescent labels or fluorescers, such as fluorescein and its         derivatives, fluorochrome, rhodamine compounds and derivatives,         GFP (GFP for “Green Fluorescent Protein”), dansyl,         umbelliferone, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin,         o-phthaldehyde, and fluorescamine; fluorophores such as         lanthanide cryptates and chelates e.g. Europium etc (Perkin         Elmer and C is Biointernational),     -   chemoluminescent labels or chemiluminescers, such as isoluminol,         luminol and the dioxetanes;     -   bio-luminescent labels, such as luciferase and luciferin;     -   sensitizers;     -   coenzymes;     -   enzyme substrates;     -   radiolabels including but not limited to bromine77, carbon14,         cobalt57, fluorine8, gallium67, gallium 68, hydrogen3 (tritium),         indium111, indium 113m, iodine123m, iodine125, iodine126,         iodine131, iodine133, mercury107, mercury203, phosphorous32,         rhenium99m, rhenium101, rhenium105, ruthenium95, ruthenium97,         ruthenium103, ruthenium105, scandium47, selenium75, sulphur35,         technetium99, technetium99m, tellurium121m, tellurium122m,         tellurium125m, thulium165, thulium167, thulium168, yttrium199         and other radiolabels mentioned herein;     -   particles, such as latex or carbon particles; metal sol;         crystallite; liposomes; cells, etc., which may be further         labelled with a dye, catalyst or other detectable group;     -   molecules such as biotin, digoxygenin or 5-bromodeoxyuridine;     -   toxin moieties, such as for example a toxin moiety selected from         a group of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE or a cytotoxic fragment or         mutant thereof), Diptheria toxin or a cytotoxic fragment or         mutant thereof, a botulinum toxin A, B, C, D, E or F, ricin or a         cytotoxic fragment thereof e.g. ricin A, abrin or a cytotoxic         fragment thereof, saporin or a cytotoxic fragment thereof,         pokeweed antiviral toxin or a cytotoxic fragment thereof and         bryodin 1 or a cytotoxic fragment thereof.

Suitable enzymes and coenzymes are disclosed in Litman, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149, and Boguslaski, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,980, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Suitable fluorescers and chemiluminescers are disclosed in Litman, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Labels further include chemical moieties, such as biotin that may be detected via binding to a specific cognate detectable moiety, e.g. labelled avidin or streptavidin. Detectable labels may be attached to antibodies of the invention using conventional chemistry known in the art.

Immunoconjugates or their functional fragments can be prepared by methods known to the person skilled in the art. They can be coupled to enzymes or to fluorescent labels directly or by the intermediary of a spacer group or of a linking group, such as a polyaldehyde, like glutaraldehyde, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA), or in the presence of coupling agents, such as those mentioned above for the therapeutic conjugates. Conjugates containing labels of fluorescein type can be prepared by reaction with an isothiocyanate.

The methods known to the person skilled in the art existing for coupling the therapeutic radioisotopes to the antibodies either directly or via a chelating agent, such as EDTA, DTPA mentioned above can be used for the radioelements which can be used in diagnosis. It is likewise possible to perform labelling with sodium125 by the chloramine T method [68] or else with technetium99m by the technique of Crockford et al., (US4424200, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) or attached via DTPA as described by Hnatowich (U.S. Pat. No. 4,479,930, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).

There are numerous methods by which the label can produce a signal detectable by external means, for example, by visual examination, electromagnetic radiation, heat, and chemical reagents. The label can also be bound to another binding member that binds the antibody of the invention, or to a support.

The label can directly produce a signal, and therefore, additional components are not required to produce a signal. Numerous organic molecules, for example fluorescers, are able to absorb ultraviolet and visible light, where the light absorption transfers energy to these molecules and elevates them to an excited energy state. This absorbed energy is then dissipated by emission of light at a second wavelength. This second wavelength emission may also transfer energy to a labelled acceptor molecule, and the resultant energy dissipated from the acceptor molecule by emission of light for example fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Other labels that directly produce a signal include radioactive isotopes and dyes.

Alternately, the label may need other components to produce a signal, and the signal producing system would then include all the components required to produce a measurable signal, which may include substrates, coenzymes, enhancers, additional enzymes, substances that react with enzymic products, catalysts, activators, cofactors, inhibitors, scavengers, metal ions, and a specific binding substance required for binding of signal generating substances. A detailed discussion of suitable signal producing systems can be found in Ullman, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,243, which is herein incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present invention provides a method comprising causing or allowing binding of a binding member as provided herein to IL-1R1. As noted, such binding may take place in vivo, e.g. following administration of a binding member or encoding nucleic acid to a human or animal (e.g., a mammal), or it may take place in vitro, for example in ELISA, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, affinity chromatography, and biochemical or cell-based assays.

Generally, complexes between the binding member of the invention and IL-1R1 may be detected by, inter alia, enzyme-linked immunoassay, radioassay, immunoprecipitation, fluorescence immunoassay, chemiluminescent assay, immunoblot assay, lateral flow assay, agglutination assay and particulate-based assay.

The present invention also provides for measuring levels of antigen directly, by employing a binding member according to the invention for example in a biosensor system. For instance, the present invention comprises a method of detecting and/or measuring binding to IL-1R1, comprising, (i) exposing said binding member to IL-1R1 and (ii) detecting binding of said binding member to IL-1R1, wherein binding is detected using any method or detectable label described herein. This, and any other binding detection method described herein, may be interpreted directly by the person performing the method, for instance, by visually observing a detectable label. Alternatively, this method, or any other binding detection method described herein, may produce a report in the form of an autoradiograph, a photograph, a computer printout, a flow cytometry report, a graph, a chart, a test tube or container or well containing the result, or any other visual or physical representation of a result of the method.

The amount of binding of binding member to IL-1R1 may be determined. Quantitation may be related to the amount of the antigen in a test sample, which may be of diagnostic interest. Screening for IL-1R1 binding and/or the quantitation thereof may be useful, for instance, in screening patients for diseases or disorders referred to herein and/or any other disease or disorder involving aberrant IL-1R1 production, expression and/or activity.

A diagnostic method of the invention may comprise (i) obtaining a tissue or fluid sample from a subject, (ii) exposing said tissue or fluid sample to one or more binding members of the present invention; and (iii) detecting bound IL-1R1 as compared with a control sample, wherein an increase in the amount of IL-1R1 binding as compared with the control may indicate an aberrant level of IL-1R1 production, expression or activity. Tissue or fluid samples to be tested include blood, serum, urine, biopsy material, tumours, or any tissue suspected of containing aberrant IL-1R1 levels. Subjects testing positive for aberrant IL-1R1 levels or activity may also benefit from the treatment methods disclosed later herein.

The diagnostic method of the invention may further comprise capturing a complex of the binding member and IL-1R1 via an immobilized antigen. For example, an antigen may be immobilized on a lateral strip assay for capturing antigen-specific IL-1R1 in a sample of interest.

Those skilled in the art are able to choose a suitable mode of determining binding of the binding member to an antigen according to their preference and general knowledge, in light of the methods disclosed herein.

The reactivities of binding members in a sample may be determined by any appropriate means. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is one possibility. Radioactive labelled antigen is mixed with unlabelled antigen (the test sample) and allowed to bind to the binding member. Bound antigen is physically separated from unbound antigen and the amount of radioactive antigen bound to the binding member determined. The more antigen there is in the test sample the less radioactive antigen will bind to the binding member. A competitive binding assay may also be used with non-radioactive antigen, using antigen or an analogue linked to a reporter molecule. The reporter molecule may be a fluorochrome, phosphor or laser dye with spectrally isolated absorption or emission characteristics. Suitable fluorochromes include fluorescein, rhodamine, phycoerythrin and Texas Red, and lanthanide chelates or cryptates. Suitable chromogenic dyes include diaminobenzidine.

Other reporters include macromolecular colloidal particles or particulate material, such as latex beads that are colored, magnetic or paramagnetic, and biologically or chemically active agents that can directly or indirectly cause detectable signals to be visually observed, electronically detected or otherwise recorded. These molecules may be enzymes, which catalyze reactions that develop, or change colours or cause changes in electrical properties, for example. They may be molecularly excitable, such that electronic transitions between energy states result in characteristic spectral absorptions or emissions. They may include chemical entities used in conjunction with biosensors. Biotin/avidin or biotin/streptavidin and alkaline phosphatase detection systems may be employed.

The signals generated by individual binding member-reporter conjugates may be used to derive quantifiable absolute or relative data of the relevant binding member binding in samples (normal and test).

A kit comprising a binding member according to any aspect or embodiment of the present invention is also provided as an aspect of the present invention. In the kit, the binding member may be labelled to allow its reactivity in a sample to be determined, e.g. as described further below. Further the binding member may or may not be attached to a solid support. Components of a kit are generally sterile and in sealed vials or other containers. Kits may be employed in diagnostic analysis or other methods for which binding members are useful. A kit may contain instructions for use of the components in a method, e.g. a method in accordance with the present invention. Ancillary materials to assist in or to enable performing such a method may be included within a kit of the invention. The ancillary materials include a second, different binding member which binds to the first binding member and is conjugated to a detectable label (e.g., a fluorescent label, radioactive isotope or enzyme). Antibody-based kits may also comprise beads for conducting an immunoprecipitation. Each component of the kits is generally in its own suitable container. Thus, these kits generally comprise distinct containers suitable for each binding member. Further, the kits may comprise instructions for performing the assay and methods for interpreting and analyzing the data resulting from the performance of the assay.

The present invention also provides the use of a binding member as above for measuring antigen levels in a competition assay, that is to say a method of measuring the level of antigen in a sample by employing a binding member as provided by the present invention in a competition assay. This may be where the physical separation of bound from unbound antigen is not required. Linking a reporter molecule to the binding member so that a physical or optical change occurs on binding is one possibility. The reporter molecule may directly or indirectly generate detectable signals, which may be quantifiable. The linkage of reporter molecules may be directly or indirectly, covalently, e.g. via a peptide bond or non-covalently. Linkage via a peptide bond may be as a result of recombinant expression of a gene fusion encoding antibody and reporter molecule.

In one embodiment the present invention includes a method of identifying an IL-1R1 binding compound, comprising (i) immobilizing IL-1R1 to a support, (ii) contacting said immobilized IL-1R1 simultaneously or in a step-wise manner with at least one tagged or labelled binding member according to the invention and one or more untagged or unlabelled test binding compounds, and (iii) identifying a new IL-1R1 binding compound by observing a decrease in the amount of bound tag from the tagged binding member. Such methods can be performed in a high-throughput manner using a multiwell or array format. Such assays may be also be performed in solution. See, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,468, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. As described above, detection of binding may be interpreted directly by the person performing the method, for instance, by visually observing a detectable label, or a decrease in the presence thereof. Alternatively, the binding methods of the invention may produce a report in the form of an autoradiograph, a photograph, a computer printout, a flow cytometry report, a graph, a chart, a test tube or container or well containing the result, or any other visual or physical representation of a result of the method.

The present invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a binding member of the present invention. Nucleic acid may include DNA and/or RNA. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a nucleic acid that codes for a CDR or set of CDRs or VH domain or VL domain or antibody antigen-binding site or antibody molecule, e.g. scFv or IgG1, of the invention.

In further aspects, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which comprises a sequence encoding a binding member of the invention, VH domain and/or VL domain according to the present invention. For example, SEQ ID NOS: 92, 2, 122, 102, 12, 62, 22, 32, 72, 42, 112, 52, and 82 encode exemplary VH domains of the present invention, and SEQ ID NOS: 97, 7, 127, 107, 17, 67, 27, 37, 77, 47, 117, 57, and 87 encode exemplary VL domains of the present invention.

The present invention also provides constructs in the form of plasmids, vectors, transcription or expression cassettes which comprise at least one nucleic acid as above.

The present invention also provides a recombinant host cell that comprises one or more constructs as above and provides a method of production of the encoded product, which method comprises expression from said encoding construct. Expression may conveniently be achieved by culturing under appropriate conditions recombinant host cells containing the construct. Following production by expression a VH or VL domain, or binding member may be isolated and/or purified using any suitable technique, then used as appropriate.

Nucleic acid according to the present invention may comprise DNA or RNA and may be wholly or partially synthetic. Reference to a nucleotide sequence as set out herein encompasses a DNA molecule with the specified sequence, and encompasses a RNA molecule with the specified sequence in which U is substituted for T, unless context requires otherwise.

A yet further aspect provides a method of production of an antibody or VH variable domain, the method including causing expression from encoding nucleic acid. Such a method may comprise culturing host cells under conditions for production of said antibody VH variable domain.

Analogous methods for production of VL variable domains and binding members, such as antibodies, comprising a VH and/or VL domain are provided as further aspects of the present invention.

A method of production may comprise a step of isolation and/or purification of the product. A method of production may comprise formulating the product into a composition including at least one additional component, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Systems for cloning and expression of a polypeptide in a variety of different host cells are well known. Suitable host cells include bacteria, mammalian cells, plant cells, filamentous fungi, yeast and baculovirus systems and transgenic plants and animals. The expression of antibodies and antibody fragments in prokaryotic cells is well established in the art. For a review, see for example Plückthun [69]. A common bacterial host is E. coli.

Expression in eukaryotic cells in culture is also available to those skilled in the art as an option for production of a binding member [70, 71, 72]. Mammalian cell lines available in the art for expression of a heterologous polypeptide include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney cells, NS0 mouse melanoma cells, YB2/0 rat myeloma cells, human embryonic kidney cells, human embryonic retina cells and many others.

Suitable vectors can be chosen or constructed, containing appropriate regulatory sequences, including promoter sequences, terminator sequences, polyadenylation sequences, enhancer sequences, marker genes and other sequences as appropriate. Vectors may be plasmids e.g. phagemid, or viral e.g. ‘phage, as appropriate [73]. Many known techniques and protocols for manipulation of nucleic acid, for example in preparation of nucleic acid constructs, mutagenesis, sequencing, introduction of DNA into cells and gene expression, and analysis of proteins, are described in detail in Ausubel et al. [74].

A further aspect of the present invention provides a host cell containing nucleic acid as disclosed herein. Such a host cell may be in vitro and may be in culture. Such a host cell may be in vivo. In vivo presence of the host cell may allow intra-cellular expression of the binding members of the present invention as “intrabodies” or intra-cellular antibodies. Intrabodies may be used for gene therapy.

The invention also includes methods of preparing a binding member, a VH domain and/or a VL domain of the invention, which comprise expressing said nucleic acid under conditions to bring about production of said binding member, VH domain and/or VL domain, and recovering it by isolating or purifying the binding member.

A still further aspect provides a method comprising introducing nucleic acid of the invention into a host cell. The introduction may employ any available technique. For eukaryotic cells, suitable techniques may include calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran, electroporation, liposome-mediated transfection and transduction using retrovirus or other virus, e.g. vaccinia or, for insect cells, baculovirus. Introducing nucleic acid in the host cell, in particular a eukaryotic cell may use a viral or a plasmid based system. The plasmid system may be maintained episomally or may be incorporated into the host cell or into an artificial chromosome. Incorporation may be either by random or targeted integration of one or more copies at single or multiple loci. For bacterial cells, suitable techniques may include calcium chloride transformation, electroporation and transfection using bacteriophage.

The introduction may be followed by causing or allowing expression from the nucleic acid, e.g. by culturing host cells under conditions for expression of the gene. The purification of the expressed product may be achieved by methods known to one of skill in the art.

Nucleic acid of the invention may be integrated into the genome (e.g. chromosome) of the host cell. Integration may be promoted by inclusion of sequences that promote recombination with the genome, in accordance with standard techniques.

The present invention also provides a method that comprises using a construct as stated above in an expression system in order to express a binding member or polypeptide as above.

In general, for the preparation of monoclonal antibodies or their functional fragments, especially of murine origin, it is possible to refer to techniques which are described in particular in the manual “Antibodies” [75] or to the technique of preparation from hybridomas described by Köhler and Milstein [76].

Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained, for example, from a cell obtained from an animal immunized against IL-1R1, or one of its fragments containing the epitope recognized by said monoclonal antibodies. Suitable fragments and peptides or polypeptides comprising them may be used to immunise animals to generate antibodies against IL-1R1. Said IL-1R1, or one of its fragments, can especially be produced according to the usual working methods, by genetic recombination starting with a nucleic acid sequence contained in the cDNA sequence coding for IL-1R1 or fragment thereof, by peptide synthesis starting from a sequence of amino acids comprised in the peptide sequence of the IL-1R1 and/or fragment thereof.

The monoclonal antibodies can, for example, be purified on an affinity column on which IL-1R1 or one of its fragments containing the epitope recognized by said monoclonal antibodies, has previously been immobilized. More particularly, the monoclonal antibodies can be purified by chromatography on protein A and/or G, followed or not followed by ion-exchange chromatography aimed at eliminating the residual protein contaminants as well as the DNA and the lipopolysaccaride (LPS), in itself, followed or not followed by exclusion chromatography on Sepharose™ gel in order to eliminate the potential aggregates due to the presence of dimers or of other multimers. In one embodiment, the whole of these techniques can be used simultaneously or successively.

It is possible to take monoclonal and other antibodies and use techniques of recombinant DNA technology to produce other antibodies or chimeric molecules that bind the target antigen. Such techniques may involve introducing DNA encoding the immunoglobulin variable region, or the CDRs, of an antibody to the constant regions, or constant regions plus framework regions, of a different immunoglobulin. See, for instance, EP-A-184187, GB 2188638A or EP-A-239400, and a large body of subsequent literature. A hybridoma or other cell producing an antibody may be subject to genetic mutation or other changes, which may or may not alter the binding specificity of antibodies produced.

Further techniques available in the art of antibody engineering have made it possible to isolate human and humanised antibodies. For example, human hybridomas can be made as described by Kontermann & Dubel [77]. Phage display, another established technique for generating binding members has been described in detail in many publications, such as Kontermann & Dubel [77] and WO92/01047 (discussed further below), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,108, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332, U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,743, U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,657, U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,907, U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,215, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,793, U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,255, U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,471, U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,197, U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,447, U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,650, U.S. Pat. No. 6,492,160 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,404.

Transgenic mice in which the mouse antibody genes are inactivated and functionally replaced with human antibody genes while leaving intact other components of the mouse immune system, can be used for isolating human antibodies [78]. Humanised antibodies can be produced using techniques known in the art such as those disclosed in for example WO91/09967, U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089, EP592106, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332 and WO93/17105. Further, WO2004/006955 describes methods for humanising antibodies, based on selecting variable region framework sequences from human antibody genes by comparing canonical CDR structure types for CDR sequences of the variable region of a non-human antibody to canonical CDR structure types for corresponding CDRs from a library of human antibody sequences, e.g. germline antibody gene segments. Human antibody variable regions having similar canonical CDR structure types to the non-human CDRs form a subset of member human antibody sequences from which to select human framework sequences. The subset members may be further ranked by amino acid similarity between the human and the non-human CDR sequences. In the method of WO2004/006955, top ranking human sequences are selected to provide the framework sequences for constructing a chimeric antibody that functionally replaces human CDR sequences with the non-human CDR counterparts using the selected subset member human frameworks, thereby providing a humanized antibody of high affinity and low immunogenicity without need for comparing framework sequences between the non-human and human antibodies. Chimeric antibodies made according to the method are also disclosed.

Synthetic antibody molecules may be created by expression from genes generated by means of oligonucleotides synthesized and assembled within suitable expression vectors, for example as described by Knappik et al. [79] or Krebs et al. [80].

As noted above, a binding member in accordance with the present invention modulates and may neutralise a biological activity of IL-1R1. As described herein, IL-1R1-binding members of the present invention may be optimised for neutralizing potency. Generally, potency optimisation involves mutating the sequence of a selected binding member (normally the variable domain sequence of an antibody) to generate a library of binding members, which are then assayed for potency and the more potent binding members are selected. Thus selected “potency-optimised” binding members tend to have a higher potency than the binding member from which the library was generated. Nevertheless, high potency binding members may also be obtained without optimisation, for example a high potency binding member may be obtained directly from an initial screen e.g. a biochemical neutralization assay. A “potency optimized” binding member refers to a binding member with an optimized potency of neutralization of a particular activity or downstream function. Assays and potencies are described in more detail elsewhere herein. The present invention provides both potency-optimized and non-optimized binding members, as well as methods for potency optimization from a selected binding member. The present invention thus allows the skilled person to generate binding members having high potency.

Although potency optimization may be used to generate higher potency binding members from a given binding member, it is also noted that high potency binding members may be obtained even without potency optimization.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of obtaining one or more binding members able to bind the antigen, the method including bringing into contact a library of binding members according to the invention and said antigen, and selecting one or more binding members of the library able to bind said antigen.

The library may be displayed on particles or molecular complexes, e.g. replicable genetic packages, such as yeast, bacterial or bacteriophage (e.g. T7) particles, viruses, cells or covalent, ribosomal or other in vitro display systems, each particle or molecular complex containing nucleic acid encoding the antibody VH variable domain displayed on it, and optionally also a displayed VL domain if present. Phage display is described in WO 92/01047 and e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,108, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332, U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,743, U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,657, U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,907, U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,215, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,793, U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,255, U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,471, U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,197, U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,447, U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,650, U.S. Pat. No. 6,492,160 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,404, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Following selection of binding members able to bind the antigen and displayed on bacteriophage or other library particles or molecular complexes, nucleic acid may be taken from a bacteriophage or other particle or molecular complex displaying a selected binding member. Such nucleic acid may be used in subsequent production of a binding member or an antibody VH or VL variable domain by expression from nucleic acid with the sequence of nucleic acid taken from a bacteriophage or other particle or molecular complex displaying a said selected binding member.

An antibody VH variable domain with the amino acid sequence of an antibody VH variable domain of a said selected binding member may be provided in isolated form, as may a binding member comprising such a VH domain.

Ability to bind IL-1R1 may be further tested, also ability to compete with e.g. a parent antibody molecule (antibody 1 or 4) or an antibody molecule 2, 3, 5 to 10 (e.g. in scFv format and/or IgG format, e.g. IgG1) for binding to IL-1R1. Ability to neutralize IL-1R1 may be tested, as discussed further elsewhere herein.

A binding member according to the present invention may bind with the affinity of the parent (antibody 1 or 4) or other antibody molecule, e.g. scFv, or one of antibodies 2, 3, 5 to 10, e.g. IgG1, or with an affinity that is better.

A binding member according to the present invention may neutralise a biological activity of IL-1R1 with the potency of the parent (antibody 1 or 4) or other antibody molecule, one of antibodies 2, 3, 5 to 10 e.g. scFv, or IgG1, or with a potency that is better.

Binding affinity and neutralization potency of different binding members can be compared under appropriate conditions.

Variants of the VH and VL domains and CDRs of the present invention, including those for which amino acid sequences are set out herein, and which can be employed in binding members for IL-1R1 can be obtained by means of methods of sequence alteration or mutation and screening for antigen binding members with desired characteristics. Examples of desired characteristics include but are not limited to:

-   -   Increased binding affinity for antigen relative to known         antibodies which are specific for the antigen     -   Increased neutralization of an antigen activity relative to         known antibodies which are specific for the antigen if the         activity is known     -   Specified competitive ability with a known antibody or ligand to         the antigen at a specific molar ratio     -   Ability to immunoprecipitate complex     -   Ability to bind to a specified epitope         -   Linear epitope, e.g. peptide sequence identified using             peptide-binding scan as described herein, e.g. using             peptides screened in linear and/or constrained conformation         -   Conformational epitope, formed by non-continuous residues     -   Ability to modulate a new biological activity of IL-1R1, or         downstream molecule. Such methods are also provided herein.

Variants of antibody molecules disclosed herein may be produced and used in the present invention. Following the lead of computational chemistry in applying multivariate data analysis techniques to the structure/property-activity relationships [81] quantitative activity-property relationships of antibodies can be derived using well-known mathematical techniques, such as statistical regression, pattern recognition and classification [82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87]. The properties of antibodies can be derived from empirical and theoretical models (for example, analysis of likely contact residues or calculated physicochemical property) of antibody sequence, functional and three-dimensional structures and these properties can be considered singly and in combination.

An antibody antigen-binding site composed of a VH domain and a VL domain is typically formed by six loops of polypeptide: three from the light chain variable domain (VL) and three from the heavy chain variable domain (VH). Analysis of antibodies of known atomic structure has elucidated relationships between the sequence and three-dimensional structure of antibody combining sites [88, 89]. These relationships imply that, except for the third region (loop) in VH domains, binding site loops have one of a small number of main-chain conformations: canonical structures. The canonical structure formed in a particular loop has been shown to be determined by its size and the presence of certain residues at key sites in both the loop and in framework regions [88, 89].

This study of sequence-structure relationship can be used for prediction of those residues in an antibody of known sequence, but of an unknown three-dimensional structure, which are important in maintaining the three-dimensional structure of its CDR loops and hence maintain binding specificity. These predictions can be backed up by comparison of the predictions to the output from lead optimization experiments. In a structural approach, a model can be created of the antibody molecule [90] using any freely available or commercial package, such as WAM [91]. A protein visualisation and analysis software package, such as Insight II (Accelrys, Inc, San Diego, USA.) or Deep View [92] may then be used to evaluate possible substitutions at each position in the CDR. This information may then be used to make substitutions likely to have a minimal or beneficial effect on activity.

The techniques required to make substitutions within amino acid sequences of CDRs, antibody VH or VL domains and binding members generally are available in the art. Variant sequences may be made, with substitutions that may or may not be predicted to have a minimal or beneficial effect on activity, and tested for ability to bind and/or neutralize IL-1R1 and/or for any other desired property.

Variable domains employed in the invention may be obtained or derived from any germline or rearranged human variable domain, or may be a synthetic variable domain based on consensus or actual sequences of known human variable domains. A variable domain can be derived from a non-human antibody. A CDR sequence of the invention (e.g. HCDR3) may be introduced into a repertoire of variable domains lacking a CDR (e.g. HCDR3), using recombinant DNA technology. For example, Marks et al. [93] describe methods of producing repertoires of antibody variable domains in which consensus primers directed at or adjacent to the 5′ end of the variable domain area are used in conjunction with consensus primers to the third framework region of human VH genes to provide a repertoire of VH variable domains lacking a CDR2. Marks et al. further describe how this repertoire may be combined with a CDR2 of a particular antibody. Using analogous techniques, the CDR2-derived sequences of the present invention may be shuffled with repertoires of VH or VL domains lacking a CDR2, and the shuffled complete VH or VL domains combined with a cognate VL or VH domain to provide binding members of the invention. The repertoire may then be displayed in a suitable host system, such as the phage display system of WO92/01047, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, or any of a subsequent large body of literature, including Kay, Winter & McCafferty [94], so that suitable binding members may be selected. A repertoire may consist of from anything from 10⁴ individual members upwards, for example at least 10⁵, at least 10⁶, at least 10⁷, at least 10⁸, at least 10⁹ or at least 10¹⁰ members or more. Other suitable host systems include, but are not limited to yeast display, bacterial display, T7 display, viral display, cell display, ribosome display and covalent display.

A method of preparing a binding member for IL-1R1 antigen is provided, which method comprises:

(a) providing a starting repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a VH domain which either include a CDR2 to be replaced or lack a CDR2 encoding region;

(b) combining said repertoire with a donor nucleic acid encoding an amino acid

15 sequence substantially as set out herein for a VH CDR2 such that said donor nucleic acid is inserted into the CDR2 region in the repertoire, so as to provide a product repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a VH domain;

(c) expressing the nucleic acids of said product repertoire;

(d) selecting a binding member for IL-1R1; and

(e) recovering said binding member or nucleic acid encoding it.

Again, an analogous method may be employed in which a VH or VL CDR3 of the invention is combined with a repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a VH or VL domain that either include a CDR3 to be replaced or lack a CDR3 encoding region.

Similarly, one or more, or all three CDRs may be grafted into a repertoire of VH or VL domains that are then screened for a binding member or binding members for IL-1R1.

Similarly, other VH and VL domains, sets of CDRs and sets of HCDRs and/or sets of LCDRs disclosed herein may be employed.

A substantial portion of an immunoglobulin variable domain may comprise at least the three CDR regions, together with their intervening framework regions. The portion may also include at least about 50% of either or both of the first and fourth framework regions, the 50% being the C-terminal 50% of the first framework region and the N-terminal 50% of the fourth framework region. Additional residues at the N-terminal or C-terminal end of the substantial part of the variable domain may be those not normally associated with naturally occurring variable domain regions. For example, construction of binding members of the present invention made by recombinant DNA techniques may result in the introduction of N- or C-terminal residues encoded by linkers introduced to facilitate cloning or other manipulation steps. Other manipulation steps include the introduction of linkers to join variable domains of the invention to further protein sequences including antibody constant regions, other variable domains (for example in the production of diabodies) or detectable/functional labels as discussed in more detail elsewhere herein.

Although in some aspects of the invention, binding members comprise a pair of VH and VL domains, single binding domains based on either VH or VL domain sequences form further aspects of the invention. It is known that single immunoglobulin domains, especially VH domains, are capable of binding target antigens in a specific manner. For example, see the discussion of dAbs.

In the case of either of the single binding domains, these domains may be used to screen for complementary domains capable of forming a two-domain binding member able to bind IL-1R1. This may be achieved by phage display screening methods using the so-called hierarchical dual combinatorial approach as disclosed in WO92/01047, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, in which an individual colony containing either an H or L chain clone is used to infect a complete library of clones encoding the other chain (L or H) and the resulting two-chain binding member is selected in accordance with phage display techniques, such as those described in that reference. This technique is also disclosed in Marks et al, ibid.

As used herein, the twenty standard “amino acids” and their abbreviations follow conventional usage. See Immunology—A Synthesis (2^(nd) Edition, E. S. Golub and D. R. Gren, Eds., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. (1991)), which is incorporated herein by reference. Stereoisomers (e.g., D-amino acids) of the twenty conventional amino acids, unnatural amino acids such as α-, α-disubstituted amino acids, N-alkyl amino acids, lactic acid, and other unconventional amino acids may also be suitable components for polypeptides of the present invention. Examples of unconventional amino acids include: 4-hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, ε-N,N,N-trimethyllysine, ε-N-acetyllysine, O-phosphoserine, N-acetylserine, N-formylmethionine, 3-methylhistidine, 5-hydroxylysine, σ-N-methylarginine, and other similar amino acids and imino acids (e.g., 4-hydroxyproline). In the polypeptide notation used herein, the left-hand direction is the amino terminal direction and the right-hand direction is the carboxy-terminal direction, in accordance with standard usage and convention.

As used herein the term “allotype” is used with respect to antigenic determinants specified by allelic forms of antibody genes. Allotypes represent slight differences in the amino acid sequences of heavy or light chains of different individuals and are sequence differences between alleles of a subclass whereby an antisera recognize only the allelic differences. The most important types are Gm (heavy chain) and Km (light chain). Gm polymorphism is determined by the IGHG1, IGHG2 and IGHG3 genes which have alleles encoding allotypic antigenic determinants referred to as G1m, G2m, and G3m allotypes for markers of the human IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 molecules. At present, 18 Gm allotypes are known: G1m (1, 2, 3, 17) or G1m (a, x, f, z), G2m (23) or G2m (n), G3m (5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28) or G3m (b1, c3, b5, b0, b3, b4, s, t, g 1, c5, u, v, g5) (Lefranc, et al., The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 43-78 (1990); Lefranc, G. et al., 1979, Hum. Genet.: 50, 199-21 1, both incorporated entirely by reference).

Allelic forms of human immunoglobulins have been well-characterized (WHO Review of the notation for the allotypic and related markers of human immunoglobulins. J Immunogen 1976, 3: 357-362; WHO Review of the notation for the allotypic and related markers of human immunoglobulins. 1976, Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 599-601; E. van Loghem, 1986, Allotypic markers, Monogr Allergy 19: 40-51, all incorporated entirely by reference). Additionally, other polymorphisms have been characterized (Kim et al., 2001, J. MoI. Evol. 54:1-9, incorporated entirely by reference).

As used herein the term “antibody” refers to an oligoclonal, a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a CDR-grafted antibody, a multi-specific antibody, a bi-specific antibody, a catalytic antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a fully human antibody or an anti-idiotypic antibody and antibodies that can be labeled in soluble or bound form as well as fragments, variants or derivatives thereof, either alone or in combination with other amino acid sequences provided by known techniques. An antibody may be from any species. The term antibody also includes binding fragments of the antibodies of the invention; exemplary fragments include Fv, Fab, Fab′, Fab′-SH, single stranded antibody (svFC), dimeric variable region (Diabody), triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies and disulphide stabilized variable region (dsFv).

An antibody typically has a tetrameric form, comprising two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one “light” and one “heavy” chain. The variable regions of each light/heavy chain pair form an antibody binding site. An antibody refers to an antibody whether natural or partly or wholly synthetically produced. It must be understood here that the invention does not relate to the antibodies in natural form, that is to say they are not in their natural environment but have been isolated or obtained by purification from natural sources, or else obtained by genetic recombination, or by chemical synthesis, including modification with unnatural amino acids.

An antibody other than a “bispecific” or “bifunctional” antibody is understood to have each of its binding sites identical. An antibody substantially inhibits binding of a ligand to a receptor when an excess of antibody reduces the quantity of ligand bound to receptor by at least about 20%, 40%, 60% or 80%, and more usually greater than about 85% (as measured in an in vitro competitive binding assay).

As used herein, the term “antigen-binding site” is the part of a molecule that binds to and is complementary to all or part of the target antigen. In an antibody molecule it is referred to as the antibody antigen-binding site, and comprises the part of the antibody that binds to and is complementary to all or part of the target antigen. Where an antigen is large, a binding member may only bind to a particular part of the antigen, which part is termed an epitope. An antibody antigen-binding site may be provided by one or more antibody variable domains. An antigen binding site of an antibody is generally formed by the variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) immunoglobulin domains, with the antigen-binding interface formed by six surface polypeptide loops, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs). There are three CDRs in each VH(HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3) and in each VL LCDR1, LCDR2, LCDR3), together with framework regions (FRs).

As used herein, the term “binding member” refers to a polypeptide or group of polypeptides that are comprised of at least one antigen binding site that is formed from the folding of polypeptide chains having three-dimensional binding spaces with internal surface shapes and charge distributions complementary to the features of an antigenic determinant of an antigen. In one embodiment, the binding member is specific for only one target site. In other embodiments, the binding member is specific for more than one target site. In one embodiment a binding member is an antibody, for example a monoclonal antibody.

As used herein the term “chimeric antibody” refers to molecules comprising an antibody antigen-binding site, or equivalent, fused to another polypeptide (e.g. derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass) are therefore included. Cloning and expression of chimeric antibodies are described in EP-A-0120694 and EP-A-0125023, and a large body of subsequent literature.

As used herein the term ‘competes’ indicates that the binding member competes for binding to IL-1R1 with any one of antibodies 1 to 10, i.e. competition is unidirectional.

As herein the term ‘cross competes’ indicates that the binding member competes for binding to IL-1R1 with any one of antibodies 1 to 10, and vice versa, i.e. competition is bidirectional.

As used herein the term ‘complementarily determining region’ (CDR) is intended to indicate the hypervariable regions of the heavy and light chains of the immunoglobulin as defined by Kabat et al. 1991 [95], and later editions. An antibody typically contains 3 heavy chain CDRs and 3 light chain CDRs. The term CDR or CDRs is used here in order to indicate, according to the case, one of these regions or several, or even the whole, of these regions which contain the majority of the amino acid residues responsible for the binding by affinity of the antibody for the antigen or the epitope which it recognizes.

Among the six short CDR sequences, the third CDR of the heavy chain (HCDR3) has a greater size variability (greater diversity essentially due to the mechanisms of arrangement of the genes which give rise to it). It may be as short as 2 amino acids although the longest size known is 26. CDR length may also vary according to the length that can be accommodated by the particular underlying framework. Functionally, HCDR3 plays a role in part in the determination of the specificity of the antibody [see references 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103].

As used herein, the term “epitope” includes any protein determinant capable of specific binding to a binding member, for example an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor. Epitopic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and may, but not always, have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. An antibody is said to specifically bind an antigen when the dissociation constant is ≦1 μM, preferably ≦100 nM and most preferably ≦10 nM.

As used herein the term “framework” refers to any combination of atoms, for example amino acids, which can hold one or more CDRs in a configuration which binds IL-1R1.

As used herein the term “Fv” refers to the minimum fragment of an antibody that retains both antigen-recognition and antigen-binding sites.

As used herein the term “Fab” refers to a fragment of an antibody that comprises the constant domain of the light chain and the CH1 domain of the heavy chain.

As used herein the term “huIL” refers to human interleukin.

As used herein the term “IL-1R1” means interleukin 1 receptor 1. The amino acid sequence of the IL-1R1 is publicly available (RefSeq NM_(—)00877). In some embodiments IL-1R1 may be human or cynomolgus monkey IL-1R1. As described elsewhere herein, IL-1R1 may be recombinant, and/or may be either glycosylated or unglycosylated.

As used herein the term “Geomean” (also known as geometric mean), refers to the average of the logarithmic values of a data set, converted back to a base 10 number. This requires there to be at least two measurements, e.g. at least 2, preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 10 replicate. The person skilled in the art will appreciate that the greater the number of replicates the more robust the geomean value will be. The choice of replicate number can be left to the discretion of the person skilled in the art.

As used herein the term “Isolated” refers to the state in which binding members of the invention, or nucleic acid encoding such binding members, will generally be in accordance with the present invention. Thus, binding members, VH and/or VL domains, and encoding nucleic acid molecules and vectors according to the present invention may be provided isolated and/or purified, e.g. from their natural environment, in substantially pure or homogeneous form, or, in the case of nucleic acid, free or substantially free of nucleic acid or genes of origin other than the sequence encoding a polypeptide with the required function. Isolated members and isolated nucleic acid will be free or substantially free of material with which they are naturally associated, such as other polypeptides or nucleic acids with which they are found in their natural environment, or the environment in which they are prepared (e.g. cell culture) when such preparation is by recombinant DNA technology practised in vitro or in vivo. Members and nucleic acid may be formulated with diluents or adjuvants and still for practical purposes be isolated—for example the members will normally be mixed with gelatin or other carriers if used to coat microtitre plates for use in immunoassays, or will be mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents when used in diagnosis or therapy. Binding members may be glycosylated, either naturally or by systems of heterologous eukaryotic cells (e.g. CHO or NS0 (ECACC 85110503) cells, or they may be (for example if produced by expression in a prokaryotic cell) unglycosylated.

Heterogeneous preparations comprising anti-IL-1R1 antibody molecules also form part of the invention. For example, such preparations may be mixtures of antibodies with full-length heavy chains and heavy chains lacking the C-terminal lysine, with various degrees of glycosylation and/or with derivatized amino acids, such as cyclization of an N-terminal glutamic acid to form a pyroglutamic acid residue.

As used herein the term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies that specifically bind to the same epitope. The term “mAb” refers to monoclonal antibody.

As used herein, the phrase “substantially as set out” refers to the characteristic(s) of the relevant CDRs of the VH or VL domain of binding members described herein will be either identical or highly similar to the specified regions of which the sequence is set out herein. As described herein, the phrase “highly similar” with respect to specified region(s) of one or more variable domains, it is contemplated that from 1 to about 6, e.g. from 1 to 5, including 1 to 3, or 1 or 2, or 3 or 4, amino acid substitutions may be made in the CDR and/or VH or VL domain.

It is convenient to point out here that “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. For example “A and/or B” is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if each is set out individually herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1a lists the amino acid sequences of the heavy and lightchain CDRs of each of antibodies 1-3.

Table 1b lists the amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chain CDRs of each of antibodies 4-10

Table 2 shows the sequences of exemplary binding members of the invention as shown in the appended sequence listing, in which SEQ ID numbers correspond as shown in Table 3.

Table 3 shows examples of lead scFv potencies in the HTRF® human receptor-ligand IL 1β binding assay

Table 4 shows examples of lead IgG1 potencies in the human IL-1β induced IL-8 release assay

Table 5. shows optimised IgG1 and GL IgG2 potency for inhibition of IL-α- or IL-1β-induced IL-8 release in HeLa cells.

Table 6. shows potency of IL-1R family members and different IL-1R species in human IL-1R binding optimised IgG assay (DELFIA®).

Table 7. shows inhibition by optimised IgG in receptor-ligand (IL1Ra) HTRF® binding assay.

Table 8. shows inhibition by optimised IgG of IL-1β induced IL-8 release from CYNOM-K1 cells expressing endogenous cynomolgus IL-1R

Table 9. shows IC₅₀ values for inhibition of IL-1β induced IL-6 production in human whole blood.

Table 10. shows the results of affinity measurements for an anti-IL-1R1FAb to soluble human IL-1R1 and soluble cynomolgus IL-1R1.

Table 11. shows the results of affinity measurements for Antibody 6 and AMG108 binding to soluble human IL-1R1.

Table 12. shows the IC₅₀ (in nM) of chimeric IL-1R1 molecules competing against human IL-1R1 binding to antibody

FIG. 1. shows the sequence of Cynomolgus Monkey IL-1R1 extracellular domain cDNA [SEQ ID NO: 131]

FIG. 2. shows the sequence of Cynomolgus Monkey IL-1R1 extracellular domain amino acid sequence [SEQ ID NO: 132]

FIG. 3 shows the Human IL1R1Fc cDNA nucleotide sequence [SEQ ID NO: 133]

FIG. 4 shows the Human IL1R1Fc protein sequence [SEQ ID NO: 134]

FIG. 5 shows the Cynomolgus Monkey IL1R1Fc cDNA nucleotide sequence [SEQ ID NO: 135]

FIG. 6 shows the Cynomolgus Monkey IL1R1Fc protein sequence [SEQ ID NO: 136]

FIG. 7 shows the Human IL-1R1 extracellular sequence [SEQ ID NO: 137]

FIG. 8 shows the Human IL-1R1 cDNA sequence [SEQ ID NO: 138]

FIG. 9 shows the Cyno IL-1R1Extracellular sequence (residues 1 to 337) [SEQ ID NO: 139]

FIG. 10 shows the Cyno cDNA extracellular IL-1R1 sequence [SEQ ID NO: 140]

FIG. 11 shows the sequence of mature human HIS-FLAG IL-1ra [SEQ ID NO: 141]

FIG. 12 shows the sequence of mature human HIS-FLAG IL-1β [SEQ ID NO: 142]

FIG. 13. shows the inhibition of IL-1β induced IL-6 production in human whole blood for Antibody 6 IgG2 (Example 2.7). The x axis shows the concentration of Antibody 6 (Log molar) and the Y axis is percentage inhibition of IL6 production.

FIG. 14. shows the SDCAT-CG primer which converts Glu to Gln in the Ribosome Display Construction and Retrieval of the Vh3_DP-47_(3-23) family

EXAMPLES

Naïve human single chain Fv (scFv) phage display libraries cloned in to a phagemid vector based on the filamentous phage M13 were used for selections [104, 105]).

Anti-IL-1R1 specific scFv antibodies are isolated from the phage display libraries using a series of selection cycles on recombinant human IL-1R1.

Selected scFv antibodies are optimized for binding to human IL-1R1 and/or for potency, and are reformatted as IgG antibodies.

SEQUENCES

Sequences of exemplary binding members of the invention are shown in the appended sequence listing, in which SEQ ID NOS correspond as shown in Table 2 below wherein:

-   -   i) where an antibody number is followed by GL, for example 11GL         this refers to the antibody wherein one or more of the residues         have been mutated back to the germline configuration, in general         where GL is used all non-germline residues which can be mutated         back to germline without appreciable loss of activity have been         germlined. It should be noted that in the specification where         any one or all of antibodies 1 to 10 are referred to this also         includes any germlined variants listed in Table 2.         And the CDRs are shown in Tables 1a and 1b.

TABLE 1a Kabat HCDR1 HCDR2 numbering 31 32 33 34 35 50 51 52 52A 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Antibody 1 S Y A S A I S G S G G S T Y Y A D S V K G Antibody 2 Antibody 3 Kabat HCDR3 numbering 95 96 97 98 99 100 100A 100B 100C 100D 100E 100F 100G 100H 100I 101 102 Antibody 1 D G A S S T N W G Y N Y Y G M D V Antibody 2 T V D A A V D Antibody 3 T L D P P G V Kabat LCDR1 LCDR2 numbering 24 25 26 27 27A 27B 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 50 51 52 53 Antibody 1 S G S S S N I G S N Y V F W N N Q Antibody 2 Antibody 3 Kabat LCDR2 LCDR3 numbering 54 55 56 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95A 95B 96 97 Antibody 1 R P S A A W D D S L S G L V Antibody 2 H E Q H Antibody 3 A A R V L

TABLE 1b Kabat HCDR1 HCDR2 numbering 31 32 33 34 35 50 51 52 52A 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Antibody 4 S Y A M S A I S G S G G S T Y Y A D S V K G Antibody 5 Antibody 6 Antibody 7 Antibody 8 Antibody 9 Antibody 10 Kabat HCDR3 HCDR3 numbering 95 96 97 98 99 100 100A 100B 100C 100D 100E 100F 100G 100H 100I 100J 101 102 Antibody 4 P L Y Y Y D G S D Y T T Y D A F D I Antibody 5 A P P P L G G Antibody 6 E Q Y G V V / F V Antibody 7 A A P P L G G Antibody 8 A P S P L G G Antibody 9 E Q Y G L V Antibody 10 E L A L P V Y D A Kabat LCDR1 LCDR2 numbering 24 25 26 27 27A 27B 27C 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Antibody 4 S S S N I G A G Y D V H G D T H R P S Antibody 5 Antibody 6 Antibody 7 Antibody 8 Antibody 9 Antibody 10 Kabat LCDR3 numbering 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95A 95B 96 97 Antibody 4 Q S Y D T S L S G S L Antibody 5 A G G H H Antibody 6 V R L H H V Antibody 7 D A A R H Q Antibody 8 H V A H V Antibody 9 L L A P Q Antibody 10 R A D D A H

TABLE 2 Antibody SEQ ID No. Description  1 91 VH/DNA  1 92 VH/amino acid  1 93 HCDR1  1 94 HCDR2  1 95 HCDR3  1 96 VL/DNA  1 97 VL/amino acid  1 98 LCDR1  1 99 LCDR2  1 100 LCDR3  2 1 VH/DNA  2 2 VH/amino acid  2 3 HCDR1  2 4 HCDR2  2 5 HCDR3  2 6 VL/DNA  2 7 VL/amino acid  2 8 LCDR1  2 9 LCDR2  2 10 LCDR3  3 121 VH/DNA  3 122 VH/amino acid  3 123 HCDR1  3 124 HCDR2  3 125 HCDR3  3 126 VL/DNA  3 127 VL/amino acid  3 128 LCDR1  3 129 LCDR2  3 130 LCDR3  4 101 VH/DNA  4 102 VH/amino acid  4 103 HCDR1  4 104 HCDR2  4 105 HCDR3  4 106 VL/DNA  4 107 VL/amino acid  4 108 LCDR1  4 109 LCDR2  4 110 LCDR3  5 11 VH/DNA  5 12 VH/amino acid  5 13 HCDR1  5 14 HCDR2  5 15 HCDR3  5 16 VL/DNA  5 17 VL/amino acid  5 18 LCDR1  5 19 LCDR2  5 20 LCDR3  6 61 VH/DNA  6 62 VH/amino acid  6 63 HCDR1  6 64 HCDR2  6 65 HCDR3  6 66 VL/DNA  6 67 VL/amino acid  6 68 LCDR1  6 69 LCDR2  6 70 LCDR3  6GL 21 VH/DNA  6GL 22 VH/amino acid  6GL 23 HCDR1  6GL 24 HCDR2  6GL 25 HCDR3  6GL 26 VL/DNA  6GL 27 VL/amino acid  6GL 28 LCDR1  6GL 29 LCDR2  6GL 30 LCDR3  7 31 VH/DNA  7 32 VH/amino acid  7 33 HCDR1  7 34 HCDR2  7 35 HCDR3  7 36 VL/DNA  7 37 VL/amino acid  7 38 LCDR1  7 39 LCDR2  7 40 LCDR3  8 71 VH/DNA  8 72 VH/amino acid  8 73 HCDR1  8 74 HCDR2  8 75 HCDR3  8 76 VL/DNA  8 77 VL/amino acid  8 78 LCDR1  8 79 LCDR2  8 80 LCDR3  8GL 41 VH/DNA  8GL 42 VH/amino acid  8GL 43 HCDR1  8GL 44 HCDR2  8GL 45 HCDR3  8GL 46 VL/DNA  8GL 47 VL/amino acid  8GL 48 LCDR1  8GL 49 LCDR2  8GL 50 LCDR3  9 111 VH/DNA  9 112 VH/amino acid  9 113 HCDR1  9 114 HCDR2  9 115 HCDR3  9 116 VL/DNA  9 117 VL/amino acid  9 118 LCDR1  9 119 LCDR2  9 120 LCDR3  9GL 51 VH/DNA  9GL 52 VH/amino acid  9GL 53 HCDR1  9GL 54 HCDR2  9GL 55 HCDR3  9GL 56 VL/DNA  9GL 57 VL/amino acid  9GL 58 LCDR1  9GL 59 LCDR2  9GL 60 LCDR3 10GL 81 VH/DNA 10GL 82 VH/amino acid 10GL 83 HCDR1 10GL 84 HCDR2 10GL 85 HCDR3 10GL 86 VL/DNA 10GL 87 VL/amino acid 10GL 88 LCDR1 10GL 89 LCDR2 10GL 90 LCDR3 The invention will now be exemplified by the following non-limiting examples:

Example 1 Antibody Lead Isolation

1.1 Selections

Large single chain Fv (scFv) human antibody libraries cloned into a phagemid vector based on filamentous phage M13 were used for selections (106, 107). Anti-IL-1R specific scFv antibodies were isolated from the phage display libraries using a series of selection cycles on biotinylated recombinant human IL-1R-Fc essentially as previously described (108). In brief, the scFv-phage particles were incubated with 100 nM recombinant biotinylated human IL-1R-Fc fusion protein in solution (huIL-1R1-Fc fusion protein as described in Materials and Methods and biotinylated in-house). ScFv-phage bound to antigen were then captured on streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads (Dynabeads® M-280) following the manufacturer's recommendations. The selected scFv-phage particles were then rescued as described previously (109), and the selection process was repeated for a second round.

A representative number of individual clones from the second round of selections was grown up in 96-well plates. ScFvs were expressed in bacterial periplasm and screened for their inhibitory activity in a human receptor-ligand (IL-1β binding HTRF assay, described in Materials and Methods. ScFv which showed a significant inhibitory effect in this assay as crude periplasmic extracts, were subjected to DNA sequencing (106, 109). Unique scFvs were expressed again in bacteria and purified by affinity chromatography (110), and IC₅₀ values were determined by testing dilution series of purified scFvs in the same ligand-receptor binding assay.

1.2 Inhibition by scFv in a Receptor-ligand (IL-1β) Binding Assay

Selection outputs were screened in receptor-ligand binding HTRF® (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) assay format for inhibition of HIS FLAG tagged human IL1 beta (In house, E. Coli expressed; HIS FLAG IL-1 beta) binding to human histidine tagged (HIS) IL1RFc fusion protein (in house).

The detailed assay method, and material expression method, is provided in the Materials and Methods section.

Examples of the lead scFv potencies obtained from the binding assay are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Examples of lead scFv potencies in the HTRF ® human receptor-ligand IL1β binding assay IC₅₀ (nM) in HTRE ® Clone name assay Antibody 1 IC 225 nM Antibody 4 22.5 nM Kineret 0.323 nM IC = Incomplete inhibition curve; IC50 values are estimated

Data is from single experiment that is representative of several independent experiments

1.3 Reformatting of scFv to IgG1

Clones that were identified as inhibitory in the receptor-ligand HTRF binding assay were converted from scFv to IgG₁ format by sub-cloning the V_(H) and V_(L) domains into vectors expressing whole antibody heavy and light chains respectively. The V_(H) domain was cloned into a vector (pEU15.1) containing the human heavy chain constant domains and regulatory elements to express whole IgG heavy chain in mammalian cells. Similarly, the V_(L) domain was cloned into a vector (pEU4.4) for the expression of the human light chain (lambda) constant domains and regulatory elements to express whole IgG light chain in mammalian cells. Vectors for the expression of heavy chains and light chains were based on those originally described in reference (111). Our vectors have been engineered simply by introducing an OriP element. To obtain IgGs, the heavy and light chain IgG expressing vectors were transfected into EBNA-HEK293 mammalian cells. IgGs were expressed and secreted into the medium. Harvests were pooled and filtered prior to purification, then IgG was purified using Protein A chromatography. Culture supernatants were loaded on a column of appropriate size of Ceramic Protein A (BioSepra) and washed with 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 250 mM NaCl. Bound IgG was eluted from the column using 0.1 M Sodium Citrate (pH 3.0) and neutralised by the addition of Tris-HCl (pH 9.0). The eluted material was buffer exchanged into PBS using Nap10 columns (Amersham, #17-0854-02) and the concentration of IgG was determined spectrophotometrically using an extinction coefficient based on the amino acid sequence of the IgG (112). The purified IgG were analysed for aggregation and degradation using SEC-HPLC and by SDS-PAGE.

1.4 Germlining of Parents KENB026 and KENB061

The amino acid sequences of the V_(H) and V_(L) domains of the parent antibodies Antibody 1 and Antibody 4 that were inhibitory in the biological assay were aligned to the known human germline sequences in the VBASE database (113), and the closest germline was identified by sequence similarity. Without considering the Vernier residues (114), which were left unchanged, changes in frameworks of the VH and VL domains were reverted to the closest germline sequence to identically match human antibodies, using standard site directed mutagenesis techniques with the appropriate mutagenic primers. These mutagenesis procedures were performed in the IgG1 vectors for parent.

1.5 Germlining the lead antibodies as IgG2

The parent Antibody 4 (in IgG1 format) was used as a template for mutagenesis for germlining lead antibodies. The individual VH and VL CDR3 sequences of leads were introduced into the germlined parent in the IgG1 vector to produce germlined leads using standard site directed mutagenesis techniques with appropriate primers. The IgG1 to IgG2 conversion was conducted using standard cloning procedures. IgG1 VH lead plasmids were isolated and the germlined VH removed for cloning into the IgG2 VH vector.

Germline Information

Antibody Germline Position amino acid amino acid Changed? Antibody 1: VH Vh3_DP-47_(3-23), Vl Vlambda1_DPL3_(1g). Antibody 1 Vh94 Arg Lys No Antibody 2 Vh108 Thr Leu No Antibody 3 Vl2 Ala Ser No Vl 8 Ser Pro No Vl 39 Phe Leu No Vl 45 Gln Lys No Vl48 Val Ileu No Vl49 Lys Tyr No Antibody 4: VH Vh3_DP-47_(3-23), Vl Vlambda1_DPL8_(1e). Antibody 4 Vh 108 Met Leu No Antibody 5 Vl74 Val Ala No Antibody 6 Vl76 Ala Thr No Antibody 7 Antibody 8 Antibody 9 Antibody 7 Vernier position 1 Gln Glu Yes¹ Antibody 8 Antibody 9 Antibody 6 VH CDR3 17 amino 18 amino No² acids acids Antibody 9 Vh103 Gly Trp No ¹This is because of a base change from GAA (Glu) to CAA (Gln) when using the primer SDCATCG (see primer and Vh3_DP-47_(3-23) frame-work sequence alignment for ribosome display library construction and retrieval - FIG. 14). This residue (although vernier) was reverted back to Glutamic acid (Glu) during the germ-line process because it was artificially introduced. Antibody 6 was also amplified using SDCATCG but position 1 was corrected to a Glu during the IgG1 conversion process. ²This deletion is likely to have occurred during the ribosome display conversion and selection process. Ribosome display is a process that is PCR-based and uses an error prone polymerase. 1.6 Inhibition of IL-1-induced IL-8 Release from HeLa Cells

To determine the bioactivity of IL-1R inhibitors, a panel of scFvs inhibitory in the receptor-ligand binding assay were converted to IgG and their activity was evaluated in a HeLa human cell assay by measuring dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1β- and IL-1α-induced IL-8 release. For details of the assay method, see the Materials and Methods section.

In this assay, the inhibitory activity of a panel of anti-IL-1R IgGs was determined in response to an EC₅₀ concentration of human IL-1β or IL-1α (defined as the concentration of IL-1 which gives a half maximal response in the assay; approx 2 pM in this case). Antibodies demonstrating any significant inhibition of the IL-1-induced response were taken forward into a lead isolation panel and examples are shown in Table 4. Germlined IgG₁ variants of Antibody 1 and Antibody 4 were also shown to be active in this assay.

TABLE 4 Examples of lead IgG1 potencies in the human IL-1β induced IL-8 release assay IC₅₀ (nM) Clone Name (N = 2-5) Antibody 1 95.9 Antibody 4 22.0 AMG 108 0.009 Kineret 0.01 IC₅₀s represent geometric means from 2 to 5 independent experiments

Example 2 Antibody Optimisation

2.1 Affinity Maturation

Antibody 4 and Antibody 1 were optimised using affinity-based phage and ribosome display selections.

Large scFv-phage libraries derived from the lead clones were created by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the variable heavy (V_(H)) and light (V_(L)) chain complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3) using standard molecular biology techniques as described (115). The libraries were subjected to affinity-based phage display selections in order to select variants with higher affinity for humun IL-1R-Fc. In consequence, these were expected to show an improved inhibitory activity for human IL-1β binding IL-1R1. The selections were performed essentially as described previously (108). In brief, the scFv-phage particles were incubated with recombinant biotinylated human IL-1R-Fc in solution. ScFv-phage bound to antigen were then captured on streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads (Dynabeads® M-280) following the manufacturer's recommendations. The selected scFv-phage particles were then rescued as described previously (109), and the selection process was repeated in the presence of decreasing concentrations of biotinylated human IL-1R-1 (50 nM to 0.05 nM over 3 rounds).

Crude scFv-containing periplasmic extracts were prepared of a representative number of individual clones from the variable heavy (VH) and the variable light (VL) selection outputs and screened in a receptor-ligand binding HTRF® (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) assay format for inhibition of HIS FLAG tagged human IL1 beta (In house, E. Coli expressed; HIS FLAG IL-1 beta) binding to human histidine tagged (HIS) IL1RFc fusion protein (in house). Screening hits, i.e. scFv variants, which showed a significantly improved inhibitory effect when compared to their respective parent antibody, were subjected to DNA sequencing, and unique variants from variable heavy and variable light library outputs were produced as purified scFv for further characterisation. Some scFv were then selected and were converted to IgG1 and tested again in an effort to realise additional potency gain.

The variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) selection outputs comprising of large numbers of scFv variants with the ability to inhibit the binding of human IL-1β to human IL-1RI were recombined to form a single library in phage display format in which clones contained randomly paired individually randomised VH and VL sequences. Phage selections were then continued as described previously in the presence of decreasing concentrations of biotinylated human IL-1R-Fc (0.1 nM to 5 pM over a further 3 rounds).

Alternatively, a ribosome display method was used to recombine selection outputs. For ribosome display, the variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) selection outputs comprising of large numbers of scFv variants with the ability to inhibit the binding of human IL-1β to human IL-1RI were recombined to form a single library by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and adapted to ribosome display format essentially as described in reference 116. Ribosome display affinity-based selections were carried out on the recombined libraries and the selection process was repeated in the presence of decreasing concentrations of biotinylated-human IL-1RI (1 nM to 5 pM over 3 rounds). Ribosome display outputs were then cloned into a phage display vector for further characterisation essentially as described in reference 117.

Crude scFv-containing periplasmic extracts were prepared of a representative number of individual clones from the phage display and the ribosome display outputs and screened for their ability to inhibit the binding of human bio-human Il-1β to human Il-1 RI receptor. Screening hits i.e. scFv variants, which showed a significantly improved inhibitory effect when compared to their respective parent antibody and leads generated prerecombination, were subjected to DNA sequencing and unique recombined variants were produced as purified scFv for further characterisation.

The most active scFv in this assay were converted to non-germline IgG₁ and/or germlined IgG₂ as described in Example 1.3 and 1.5, and were tested for specificity in a competition ELISA format, in the receptor-ligand IL-1Ra HTRF and the HeLa IL-1-beta and -alpha induced IL-8 release assays. The antibodies were also tested for cross-reactivity to cynomolgus IL-1R1.

2.3 Inhibition by Optimised IgGs of IL-1β- and IL-1α-induced IL-8 release from HeLa Cells

Improvements in bioactivity of clones, following lead optimisation and reformatting to IgG, were assessed in the HeLa IL-8 release assay using huIL-1-beta and huIL-1 alpha (R&D Systems) at EC₈₀ concentrations (5 pM for both) as described in the Materials and Methods section. Results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Optimised IgG1 and GL IgG2 potency for inhibition of IL-α- or IL-1β-induced IL-8 release in HeLa cells IC₅₀ (pM) IgG1 GLIgG2 IL-1 beta IL-1 beta IL-1 alpha (N = Clone Name (N = 6-7) (N = 5-6) 3) Antibody 2 77.5 — — Antibody 3 49.4 — — Antibody 5 32.0 — — Antibody 6  7.8 — — Antibody 6GL — 11.9  3.1 Antibody 7 42.6 — — Antibody 8 29.3 — — Antibody 8 GL — 41.9 197.2  Antibody 9 11.5 — — Antibody 9 GL —  6.9 16.2 Antibody 10GL — 24.2 13.8 AMG 108  5.3  5.9 11.7 Kineret  6.2  2.0  1.7 IC₅₀ represent geometric means of the number of experiments indicated

A subset of clones with increased potency compared to parent were subsequently analysed in additional assays including cynomolgus IL-1R assay using CYNOM-K1 cells, (described in sections below and assay descriptions in Materials and Methods). Optimised antibodies were compared with IL-1Ra (Kineret®; Amgen, provided commercially from a pharmacy outlet) and AMG108 sequence from US 2004/0071712 published 15 Apr. 2004.

2.4 Selectivity and Species Cross Reactivity of Optimised Antibodies in DELFIA® Epitope Competition Assays

The selectivity and species cross reactivity of lead antibodies to IL-1R family members was established using DELFIA® epitope competition assays.

The assay measured the inhibition of biotinylated human HIS-IL1RFc (in house expressed and biotinylated in-house) binding each optimised anti-IL1R antibody.

Titrations of non biotinylated purified human recombinant IL1sRII (R&D Systems), human recombinant IL-1R6/IL1 R rp2/Fc (R&D Systems), human recombinant IL18R alpha/IL-1 R5/Fc (R&D systems) and recombinant human IL-1 R4 (ST2)/Fc (R&D systems) were tested in each assay to establish the potency for each structurally related family member, as measured by IC₅₀ values in the assay.

Titrations of IL-1R species including human HIS-IL1RFc (in house), cynomologus HIS-IL1RFc (in house) and rat IL-1RFc (in house) were tested in each assay to establish the species cross-reactivity of the optimised antibodies.

Example results are summarised in Table 6. The results indicate that lead optimised antibodies were selective for human IL-1R and also similarly bound cynomolgus IL-1R, and did not recognise structurally related proteins. Rat IL-1R-Fc was not recognised by any of the optimised antibodies.

TABLE 6 Potency of IL-1R family members and different IL-1R species in human IL-1R binding optimised IgG assay (DELFIA ®) IC₅₀ (nM) of IL-1R species/family members Human his IL- Cyno his Rat his Human Human IL18R IL1R4 Clone Name 1RFc IL1RFc IL1RFc IL1sRII IL1R6Fc alpha Fc (ST2) Fc Antibody 6GL 0.199 0.405 NI NI NI NI NI Antibody 8GL 0.241 0.454 NI NI NI NI NI Antibody 9GL 0.145 0.261 NI NI NI NI NI Antibody 10GL 0.096 0.186 NI NI NI NI NI IC₅₀ values represent geometric mean of three independent experiments NI: No inhibition of huIL-1RFc was observed 2.5 Inhibition by Optimised IgG in a Receptor-ligand (IL-1Rα) Binding Assay

The ability of lead antibodies to inhibit IL-1Ra to IL-1R1 was assessed in a receptor-ligand binding HTRF® (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) assay format for inhibition of HIS FLAG tagged human IL1Ra (In house, E. Coli expressed; HIS FLAG IL-1RA) binding to human histidine tagged (HIS) IL1RFc fusion protein (in house), as described in the Materials and methods section.

This was to determine whether an advantageous epitope had been obtained, where the antibodies competed for binding for IL-1Ra to IL-1R1 in addition to IL-1-beta and IL-1-alpha. In vivo this would liberate receptor-bound IL-1Ra, thereby allowing it to bind to another receptor, which is believed to be advantageous. IL-1Ra may be able to access tissues otherwise poorly accessible to IgGs, and it may also penetrate tissues distal from the circulation faster than IgGs. It is declared in the patent for AMG108 Amgen (US2004/0097712A1) and Hoffmann-La Roche AG (WO 2005/023872) that these prior art antibodies do not directly compete with IL-1Ra binding to IL-1R1. It was discussed in Amgen's patent (US2004/0097712A1) that antibodies that competed with IL-1 but did not compete with the IL-1Ra showed superior potency in assays designed to show inhibition of IL-1-mediated effects to those that did compete with IL-1 and IL-1ra, and thus represented a superior epitope. We surprisingly report that antibodies that do inhibit IL-1ra as well as IL-1, can be similarly potent in inhibition assays of IL-1 activity to the antibodies described in US2004/0097712A1, that did not.

Example results are shown in table 7 below, confirming that prior art antibodies were not able to fully compete with IL-1Ra binding to IL-1R1, but that our lead antibodies completely inhibited this interaction, with IC₅₀s as shown.

TABLE 7 Inhibition by optimised IgG in receptor-ligand (IL1Ra) HTRF ® binding assay Clone IC₅₀ (nM) Clone IC₅₀ (nM) Antibody 2 IgG1 0.256 Antibody 6GL IgG2 0.181 Antibody 3 IgG1 0.469 Antibody 8GL IgG2 0.363 Antibody 5 IgG1 0.186 Antibody 9GL IgG2 0.208 Antibody 6 IgG1 0.100 Antibody 10GL IgG2 0.323 Antibody 7 IgG1 0.168 AMG108 IgG2 NI Antibody 8 IgG1 0.156 DEI5-8 IgG4 NI Antibody 9 IgG1 0.156 Kineret 0.323 IC₅₀ values represent geometric mean of three independent experiments NI: No significant inhibition of IL1Ra was observed GL: Germlined 2.6 Inhibition by Optimised IgG of huIL-1β-induced IL-8 Release from CYNOM-K1 Cells

In order to establish whether lead antibodies were as effective at inhibiting activity of IL-10 signalling through endogenously expressed cynomolgus IL-1R1, the ability of lead IgG to inhibit huIL-1β-induced IL-8 release from CYNOM-K1 cells was measured. Lead antibodies clearly and completely inhibited IL-1β acting through cynomolgus IL-1R1 with equal activity to IL-1Ra, whereas AMG108 IgG did not inhibit this interaction. A commercially available ELISA for human IL-8 was shown to also detect cynomolgus IL-8 in cell supernatants and was used to determine the IL-1-induced effect on CYNOM-K1 cells.

TABLE 8 Inhibition by optimised IgG of IL-1β induced IL-8 release from CYNOM-K1 cells expressing endogenous cynomolgus IL-1R Clone name IC₅₀ (nM) (n = 2) Antibody 6GL IgG2 0.8, 0.6 Antibody 8GL IgG2 4.2, 2.5 Antibody 9GL IgG2 1.2, 1.1 Antibody 10GL IgG2 0.9, 0.7 AMG108 IgG2 NI, NI Isotype control IgG2 NI, NI Kineret 0.2, 0.8 IC₅₀s reported are IC₅₀s from each of 2 independent experiments NI = no inhibition of IL-1 beta induced IL-8 release observed 2.7 Inhibition of IL-1β induced IL-6 Production in Human Whole Blood

Whole blood was collected from normal volunteers (6 donors) into sodium heparin monovette containers. Whole blood (80 μls) was aliquoted into wells of 96 well plates containing 10 μls of Anti-IL-1R1 monoclonal Ab Antibody 6GL IgG2 in assay buffer (1% BSA in PBS). IL-1β was added 30 minutes later to give a final concentration of 30 pM (EC₅₀). The supernatants were harvested after 18 hours and IL-6 levels in the supernatant measured using an ELISA (R&D Systems IL-6 ELISA). The anti-IL-1R1 antibody blocked IL-1 activity as shown in FIG. 13. The range of IC₅₀ values for inhibition of IL-1 induced IL-6 production in human whole blood are shown in Table 9. The mean IC₅₀ for the 6 donors was 229 pM.

TABLE 9 IC₅₀ values for inhibition of IL-1β induced IL-6 production in human whole blood. Donor 1 2 3 4 5 6 IC₅₀ (pM) 91 295 116 309 167 321

Equivalent data is provided in Example 4 for Antibody 6 with a different Fc format, Antibody 6 IgG1™ (Triple Mutant, 234F, 235E and 3315).

Assay Materials and Methods

Receptor-ligand (IL1 beta) Binding HTRF® Assay

Selection outputs were screened in receptor-ligand binding HTRF® (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence, Cis-Bio, Bedford, Mass., USA) assay format for inhibition of HIS FLAG tagged human IL1 beta (In house, E. Coli expressed; HIS FLAG IL-1 beta) binding to human histidine tagged (HIS) IL1RFc fusion protein (In house HEK EBNA expressed, as described below). More details of the HTRF® assay can be found in Mathis (1995) Clinical Chemistry 41(9), 1391-1397.

Outputs during lead isolation were screened as undiluted, crude scFv containing periplasmic extracts prepared in 200 mM HEPES buffer pH7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA and 0.5 M sucrose. 5 μl of crude scFv sample was added to a 384 well low volume assay plate (Costar 3676). This was then followed by addition of 2 nM human HIS IL1RFc to a volume of 20 μl. Assay plates were then sealed and incubated at room temperature in dark for 1 hour.

After pre-incubation of the assay plates, 5 μl of 4 nM HIS FLAG IL1 beta was added. This was followed by 5 μl of 20 nM anti-FLAG IgG labelled with XL665 (CIS Bio international 61FG2XLB) and 5 μl of 3.2 nM anti-human Fc IgG labelled with cryptate (CIS Bio International 61HFCKLB). All dilutions were performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.4 M potassium fluoride and 0.1% BSA (assay buffer).

Assay plates were incubated for 3 h at room temperature in dark, prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer).

Data were analysed by calculating % Delta F values and % specific binding for each sample according to equation 1 and equation 2 respectively.

Receptor-ligand assays were also performed using an alternative source of FLAG IL1 beta (Alexis, ALX-522-056) as follows. 5 μl of crude scFv containing periplasmic extracts prepared in 200 mM HEPES buffer pH7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA and 0.5 M sucrose was added to a 384 well low volume assay plate (Costar 3676). This was then followed by addition of 8 nM human HIS IL1RFc to a volume of 20 μl. Assay plates were then sealed and incu bated at room temperature in dark for 1 hour.

After pre-incubation of the assay plates, 5 μl of 80 nM FLAG IL1 beta (Alexis ALX-522-056) was added. This was followed by 5 μl of 40 nM anti-FLAG IgG labelled with XL665 (CIS Bio international 61FG2XLB) and 5 μl of 3.2 nM anti-human Fc IgG labelled with cryptate (CIS BIO International 61HFCKLB). All dilutions were performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.4 M potassium fluoride and 0.1% BSA (assay buffer).

Assay plates were incubated for 3 h at room temperature in dark, prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer).

Data were analysed by calculating % Delta F values and % specific binding for each sample according to equation 1 and equation 2 respectively.

$\begin{matrix} {{{\%\mspace{14mu}{Delta}\mspace{14mu} F} = {\frac{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{sample}\mspace{14mu} 665\text{/}620\mspace{14mu}{nM}\mspace{14mu}{ratio}{\mspace{11mu}\;}{value}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{control}\mspace{14mu} 665\text{/}620\mspace{20mu}{nM}\mspace{14mu}{ratio}\mspace{14mu}{value}} \right) \end{matrix}}{\left( {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{control}\mspace{14mu} 665\text{/}620\mspace{20mu}{nM}\mspace{14mu}{ratio}\mspace{14mu}{value}} \right)} \times \mspace{14mu} 100}}\%\mspace{14mu}{Delta}\mspace{14mu} F\mspace{14mu}{values}\mspace{14mu}{were}\mspace{14mu}{subsequently}\mspace{14mu}{used}\mspace{14mu}{to}\mspace{14mu}{calculate}\mspace{14mu}\%\mspace{14mu}{specific}\mspace{20mu}{binding}\mspace{14mu}{as}\mspace{14mu}{described}\mspace{14mu}{in}\mspace{14mu}{equation}\mspace{14mu} 2.} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \\ {{\%\mspace{14mu}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{binding}}\mspace{14mu} = {\frac{\%\mspace{14mu}{Delta}\mspace{14mu} F{\mspace{11mu}\;}{of}\mspace{14mu}{sample}}{{\%\mspace{14mu}{Delta}\mspace{14mu} F\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{total}\mspace{14mu}{binding}\mspace{14mu}{control}}\;} \times 100}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \end{matrix}$

Purified scFv from positive clones identified from screening were tested in either of the above receptor-ligand HTRF® assays for inhibition of binding of human HIS FLAG tagged IL1 beta to human HIS IL1RFc. A skilled person could modify these assays to test IgG or other inhibitor formats. A titration of scFv concentrations was used in order to establish the clone potency as measured by IC₅₀ values in the assay. All dilutions were carried out in assay buffer. 5 μl of a titration of purified scFv sample was added to a 384 well low volume assay plate (Costar 3676). This was then followed by addition of 2 nM human HIS IL1RFc (when using in house HIS IL1 beta) or 8 nM HIS IL1RFc (when using Alexis source IL1 beta) to a volume of 20 μl. Assay plates were then sealed and incubated at room temperature in dark for 1 hour. The subsequent addition steps were carried out as exactly as described for crude scFv containing periplasmic extracts.

Assay plates were incubated for 3 h at room temperature in dark, prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer).

Data was analysed by calculating % Delta F values for each sample. Delta F and specific binding were determined according to equation 1 and equation 2 respectively. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 3). Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10^((LogEC50−X)*HillSlope))  Equation 3 X is the logarithm of concentration. Y is specific binding Y starts at Bottom and goes to Top with a sigmoid shape.

A reference mouse anti-human IL1R1 mAb (Fitzgerald 10-I73) and IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (Kineret®; AMGEN commercial pharmacy) were included in all purified scFv titration assays as positive controls.

For lead optimisation crude scFv were diluted in assay buffer. 5 μl of diluted crude scFv sample was added to a 384 well low volume assay plate (Costar 3676). This was then followed by addition of 2 nM human HIS IL1RFc to a volume of 20 μl. Assay plates were then sealed and incubated at room temperature in dark for 1 hour.

After pre-incubation of the assay plates, 5 μl of 40 nM HIS FLAG IL1 beta (in-house E. Coli expressed) was added. This was followed by 5 μl of 40 nM anti-FLAG IgG labelled with XL665 (CIS Bio international 61FG2XLB) and 5 μl of 3.2 nM anti-human Fc IgG labelled with cryptate (CIS BIO International 61HFCKLB). All dilutions were performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.4 M potassium fluoride and 0.1% BSA (assay buffer).

Assay plates were incubated for 3 h at room temperature in dark, prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer).

As for lead isolation, delta F and specific binding were calculated as described by equation 1 and equation 2 respectively.

Receptor-ligand (IL1 Receptor Antagonist) Binding HTRF® Assay

Purified scFv from positive clones identified from screening were tested in receptor-ligand IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra) binding HTRF® assay. IgG were also tested in this assay format.

A titration of inhibitor was used in order to establish the clone potency as measured by IC₅₀ values in the assay. All dilutions were carried out in assay buffer as for ligand binding assay above. 5 μl of a titration of inhibitor was added to a 384 well low volume assay plate (Costar 3676). This was then followed by addition of 0.4 nM cryptate labelled HIS IL1RFc. Assay plates were then sealed and incubated at room temperature in dark for 1 hour.

After pre-incubation, 5 μl of 0.6 nM FLAG HIS IL 1ra (In house E. Coli expressed) was added. This was immediately followed by 5 μl of 40 nM anti-FLAG IgG labelled with XL665 (CIS BIO 61FG2XLB).

Assay plates were incubated for 3 h at room temperature in dark, prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer).

Data was analysed by calculating % Delta F and % specific binding according to equation 1 and equation 2 respectively. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 3).

Selectivity and species cross reactivity of antibodies in competition binding assays

Purified IgG were adsorbed onto 96-well Maxisorp microtitre plates (Nunc) in PBS at a concentration which gave a significant signal when biotinylated human HIS IL1RFc was added at approximately its estimated K_(D) for that particular IgG. Excess IgG was washed away with PBS-Tween (0.1% v/v) and the wells were blocked with non-fat dried milk in PBS (3% w/v) for 1 h. A dilution series of each of the following competitors was prepared in 3% non-fat dried milk, starting at a concentration of approximately 400-fold the K_(D) value of the interaction between biotinylated human IL1RFc and the respective IgG: Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) HIS IL1RFc (in house HEK EBNA expressed, as described below), rat HIS IL1RFc (in house HEK EBNA expressed), recombinant human IL1 sRI (R&D systems 269-1R/CF), human IL-1 R6/IL-1 R rp2/Fc (R&D systems 872-RP), recombinant human IL-18 R alpha (IL-1 R5)/Fc (R&D systems 816-LR), recombinant human IL-1 R4 (ST2)/Fc (R&D systems 523-ST). Non-biotinylated human HIS IL1RFc was included as a positive control. 25 μl of this dilution series was added to the blocked IgG assay plate.

25 μl of 1.4 nM biotinylated human HIS IL1RFc was added to the assay plate. The plate was then sealed and incubated at room temperature for 2 h. Unbound antigen was removed by washing with PBS-Tween (0.1% v/v), while the remaining biotinylated human IL1RFc was detected by streptavidin-Europium3+ conjugate (DELFIA® detection, PerkinElmer). Time-resolved fluorescence was measured at 620 nm on an EnVision plate reader (PerkinElmer). Fluorescence data was plotted as europium counts. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 3).

Generation of Recombinant Human and Cynomolgus Monkey IL-1R1 Fc Fusion Proteins

A cDNA encoding the sequence of human IL-1R1 extracellular domain (amino acid residues 1-336 NP_(—)000868) was amplified from human liver cDNA via PCR using primers based on the human IL-1R1 cDNA sequence (RefSeq NM_(—)00877). A cDNA encoding cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) IL-1R1 extracellular domain sequence (amino acid residues 1-336) was amplified from cynomolgus monkey liver cDNA using identical primers as used for the human PCR amplification. The cynomolgus monkey sequence was determined by analysis of PCR products using standard di-deoxy fluorescent terminator sequencing. The resultant DNA sequence is shown in FIG. 1 and the predicted amino acid sequence is shown FIG. 2. The resulting cDNAs were sub-cloned following the manufacturer's instructions into pENTR/D-TOPO (Invitrogen).

The cDNA fragments coding the IL-IR1 extracellular domains were then transferred to mammalian expression vector pDEST12.2 (Invitrogen) using LR Gateway® reaction (Invitrogen). The pDEST12.2 vector had been modified to contain the human IgG₁ Fc coding region in-frame with the inserted gene of interest, and also by insertion of the oriP origin of replication from the pCEP4 vector (Invitrogen) allowing episomal plasmid replication upon transfection into cell lines expressing the EBNA-1 gene product (such as HEK293-EBNA cells). The resultant nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences for the human IL-1R1Fc are shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, and for cynomolgus monkey IL-1R1Fc in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 respectively.

Protein was purified from conditioned media using Protein G chromatography followed by Size Exclusion chromatography.

Generation of Recombinant Human and Cynomolgus rat IL-1R-Fc Fusion Proteins

Rat IL-1R-Fc was made by analogous methodology to the generation of recombinant human and cynomolgus monkey IL-1R1 Fc fusion proteins as described above.

HeLa IL-1α- and IL-1β-induced IL-8 Release Assay

HeLa cells (European Collection of Cell Cultures, ECACC catalogue no. 93021013, a human negroid cervix epitheloid carcinoma cell line (Cancer Res 1952; 12:264; Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954; 87:480) maintained in MEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum plus 1% non-essential amino acids; cells were split between 1:4 and 1:12 from 100% confluency for routine culture) were seeded in 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture assay plates (Costar) at 1.5×10⁴ cells/well in 100 μl culture media volume/well (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen) with 10% (v/v) heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (Invitrogen), 1% (v/v) non-essential amino acids (Invitrogen)) and cells were then cultured overnight (16-18 h) in a humidified atmosphere at 37° C. and 5% CO₂.

A titration of purified scFv/IgG was prepared in culture media and 50 μl/well of this dilution series was added to the HeLa cells without removing overnight culture medium and pre-incubated with HeLa cells for 30-60 min at 37° C. This was followed by addition of 50 μl/well of ILα/IL-1β and incubation for 4-5 h in a humidified atmosphere at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The concentration of the ligand used was EC₅₀ or above depending on the potency of the scFv/IgG being tested, where EC₅₀ is the concentration of ligand that produced half the maximum response to the ligand in this assay (calculated in a similar fashion to Equation 3.)

A reference mouse anti-human IL1R1 mAb (Fitzgerald 10-173) and IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (Kineret®; provided commercially from a pharmacy outlet) were included in titration assays as positive controls.

Supernatants (conditioned culture media) were harvested and stored at −20° C. until IL-8 analysis (usually less than 1 week).

IL-8 levels in supernatants were determined using human IL-8 Duoset ELISA kit (R & D Systems). IL-8 capture antibody (4 μg/ml diluted in PBS, 50 μl/well) was adsorbed to 96 well low auto-fluorescent, high protein binding plates (FluoroNunc Maxisorb plates) overnight at 4° C. Excess IgG was removed by washing with PBS-Tween and the wells were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature, after which plates were washed as described previously. 80 μl of 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS was added per well. 20 μl/well of conditioned culture media was then added to give 1:5 dilution of the conditioned culture media. IL-8 standards (from 1000 pg/ml, 1:2 dilution) were also added to ELISA plates as an ELISA control and the plates were incubated at room temperature for 2 hours.

Following incubation, plates were washed as before to remove unbound proteins. Biotinylated IL-8 detection Ab (20 ng/ml in reagent diluent (0.1% BSA/PBS); 50 μl/well) was then added to the plates and incubated at RT for 1 h. Unbound detection antibody was removed by washing with PBS-Tween (0.1% v/v), while the remaining biotinylated antibody was detected by streptavidin-Europium3+conjugate (DELFIA® detection, PerkinElmer). Time-resolved fluorescence was measured at 615 nm on a Victor plate reader (PerkinElmer). Fluorescence data was plotted as europium counts.

Inhibitor data was normalised to percentage of maximal IL-8 release using the Europium counts from IL-1 stimulation in the absence of inhibitor control (max control) and no IL-1 control (media control) as Equation 4.

$\begin{matrix} {{\%\mspace{14mu}\max\mspace{14mu}{IL}\text{-}8\mspace{14mu}{release}} = {\frac{\left( {{Sample} - {{media}\mspace{14mu}{control}}} \right)}{\left( {{{Max}\mspace{14mu}{control}} - {{media}\mspace{14mu}{control}}} \right)} \times 100}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4} \end{matrix}$

IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 3).

CYNOMK1 IL-1β-Induced IL-8 Release Assay

CYNOM-K1 cells (cynomolgus-derived fibroblast cell line; European Collection of Cell Cultures, ECACC ref no 90071809; maintained according to suppliers instructions) were harvested using 0.25% trypsin/EDTA and seeded in 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture assay plates (Costar) at 8×10³ cells/well in 100 μl culture media volume/well (Minimum Essential medium MEM (Invitrogen) with 20% (v/v) non-heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (Invitrogen), 1% (v/v) non-essential amino acids (Invitrogen)) and cells were then cultured overnight (16-18 hours) in a humidified atmosphere at 37° C. and 5% CO₂.

A titration of purified scFv/IgG was prepared in culture media and 50 μl/well of this dilution series was added to the CYNOM-K1 cells without removing overnight culture medium and pre-incubated with CYNOM-K1 cells for 30-60 min at 37° C. This was followed by addition of 50 μl/well of ILα/IL-1β and incubation for 4-5 hours in a humidified atmosphere at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The concentration of the ligand used was EC₈₀, where EC₈₀ is the concentration of ligand that produced 80% of the maximum response to the ligand in this assay (calculated in a similar fashion to Equation 3.)

IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (Kineret®; provided commercially from a pharmacy outlet) was included in titration assays as a positive control.

Supernatants (conditioned culture media) were harvested and stored at −20° C. until IL-8 analysis (usually less than 1 week).

IL-8 levels in supernatants were determined using human IL-8 Duoset ELISA kit (R & D Systems). IL-8 capture antibody (4 μg/ml diluted in PBS, 50 μl/well) was adsorbed to 96 well low auto-fluorescent, high protein binding plates (FluoroNunc Maxisorb plates) overnight at 4° C. Excess IgG was removed by washing with PBS-Tween and the wells were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 1 h at room temperature, after which plates were washed as described previously. 80 μl of 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS was added per well. 20 μl/well of conditioned culture media was then added to give 1:5 dilution of the conditioned culture media. IL-8 standards (from 1000 pg/ml, 1:2 dilution) were also added to ELISA plates as an ELISA control and the plates were incubated at RT for 2 hours.

Following incubation, plates were washed as before to remove unbound proteins. Biotinylated IL-8 detection Ab (20 ng/ml in reagent diluent (0.1% BSA/PBS); 50 μl/well) was then added to the plates and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Unbound detection antibody was removed by washing with PBS-Tween (0.1% v/v), while the remaining biotinylated antibody was detected by streptavidin-Europium3+ conjugate (DELFIA® detection, PerkinElmer). Time-resolved fluorescence was measured at 615 nm on a Victor plate reader (PerkinElmer). Fluorescence data was plotted as europium counts.

Inhibitor data was normalised to percentage of maximal IL-8 release using the Europium counts from IL-1 stimulation in the absence of inhibitor control (max control) and no IL-1 control (media control) as Equation 4.

$\begin{matrix} {{\%\mspace{14mu}\max\mspace{14mu}{IL}\text{-}8\mspace{14mu}{release}} = {\frac{\left( {{Sample} - {{media}\mspace{14mu}{control}}} \right)}{\left( {{{Max}\mspace{14mu}{control}} - {{media}\mspace{14mu}{control}}} \right)} \times 100}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4} \end{matrix}$

IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 3).

Cloning Human IL-1R1 Extracellular Domain

Sequence RefSeqNM 00877 was used as the reference sequence for human IL-1R1. The extracellular domain (residues 1-336) was amplified by PCR using human liver cDNA as a template. The primers used were NC268 (5′-CACCATGAAAGTGTTACTCAGAC) and NC269 (5′-CTTCTGGAAATTAGTGACTGG). The amplified PCR product was cloned into pENTR-D-TOPO from Invitrogen using the manufacturer's instructions. Several clones were obtained and sequenced. Clone 4 was identical to the reference sequence and was kept for subsequent use.

The human polymorphism A124G was generated using standard site directed mutagenesis of the relevant GCA codon to GGA in human pENTR-D-topo IL-1R1 clone 4.

Cloning cyno IL-1R1 Extracellular Domain

The sequence of the cynomolgus cDNA encoding IL-1R1 was available in the EMBL database (EMBL AY497008). This sequence was highly homologous to the human sequence, however it lacked the first 5′ 27 bp of the coding sequence when compared to human IL-1R1. The cDNA encoding the soluble extracellular domain of cynomolgus monkey IL-1R1 (residues 1-336) was amplified by PCR using cynomolgus liver cDNA as a template. The primers used were NC268 as above which was the human IL-1R15′-primer, and NC270 (5′-CTTCTGGAATTTAGTGACTGG) as the reverse primer. The amplified PCR product was cloned into pENTR-D-TOPO from Invitrogen.

Several clones were sequenced and there were changes from the translated reference sequence used (EMBL AY497008).

The changes were

-   -   1. S17F: TCT in published sequence TTT in all clones (signal         sequence)     -   2. V66I: GTA in published sequence ATA in all clones     -   3. H173N: CAC in published sequence and in clone5, AAC in all         other clones

In order to check the validity of these sequence changes compared to the published sequence the amplified cDNA encoding the extracellular domain was sequenced directly using standard di-deoxy fluorescent terminator sequencing. The S17F change was present in the amplified PCR product and appears to be a genuine change from the published sequence. The V66I change was also present in the amplified PCR product and appears to be a genuine change from the published sequence. The H173N change appears to be a genuine polymorphism as both a CAC and AAC codon was at present the same position at the same intensity. Direct sequencing of the PCR product identified a further polymorphism E300K. In this case, the sequencing reaction clearly showed equal amounts of the GAA and AAA codons.

Cloning Rat IL-1R1 Extracellular Domain

The sequence of rat cDNA encoding IL-1R1 was obtained from the EMBL database (EMBL ID RNIL1R) and used as a reference sequence. The extracellular domain (residues 1-336) was amplified by PCR using rat liver cDNA as a template. The primers used were NC288 (5′-CACCATGCTGCCGAGGCTTG) and NC289 (5′-ATTCTTGAAGTCAGGAACTGGGT).

The amplified PCR product was cloned into pENTR-D-TOPO from Invitrogen using the manufacturer's instructions. Several clones were obtained and sequenced. Clone 1 was identical to the reference sequence and was kept for subsequent use.

Cloning Expression and Purification of Human HIS FLAG IL-1Ra

The sequence of human IL-1Ra was obtained from RefSeq database (NM_(—)173842) and used as the reference sequence. The cDNA encoding the mature sequence of human IL-1Ra (residues 26-177) was amplified by PCR from human lung cDNA. The primers used were IL1RaF (5′-CCTCATATGGAAAACCTGTACTTCCAGTCTCGACCCTCTGGGAGAAA) and IL1RaR (5′-ATATCTCGAGCTACTCGTCCTCCTGGAAG). The design of primer IL1RaF was such that a Tobacco Etch Mosaic Virus protease (TEV) cleavage site was immediately adjacent to the N-terminal arginine residue of the mature IL-1Ra. The amplified PCR product was cloned into pCR4blunt-topo from Invitrogen using the manufacturer's instructions.

Several clones were obtained and their sequences generated. A clone with the correct coding sequence compared to the reference sequence was chosen for further manipulation. The insert DNA was subsequently sub-cloned into a pT7 E. coli expression vector using the NdeI site in frame with an N-terminal (HIS)₆-FLAG tag.

To express soluble HIS-FLAG tagged protein, the expression plasmid was transformed into chemically competent BL21 (DE3) star cells from Invitrogen. Cells containing the expression plasmid were cultured in Lysogeny Broth (LB, which contains 10 g/litre tryptone, 5 g/litre yeast extract, 5 g/litre NaCl) at 37° C. to an OD600 of 0.5. IPTG was then added from a 1M stock to a final concentration of 50 μM. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 3 hours. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 10 minutes and the pellets were stored at −80° C. The cells were thawed and resuspended in 50 mM Tris, pH8.0, 10% glycerol, 0.3M NaCl, 10 mM imidazole (buffer A) plus Complete protease inhibitors (Roche). The cells were lysed by sonication for 3×30 seconds on ice using a Heatsystems-Ultrasonics Inc. sonicator. The lysate was centrifuged at 100,000 g and 4° C. for 30 minutes. The supernatant was subjected to affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA Superflow (Qiagen). Bound material was eluted with buffer A containing 0.3M imidazole. Fractions containing IL-1Ra were pooled and buffer exchanged into PBS using a Hiprep 26/10 desalting column (GE Healthcare). The purity of the sample was tested using SDS-gel electrophoresis. The protein was analysed by gel filtration chromatography and found to be monomeric.

LPS was removed from 5 ml (14 mg) of the purified IL-1Ra using polymyxin B agarose (Sigma Prod. No. P1411). Sigma Polymyxin agarose were washed three times with LPS-free PBS (Sigma D8537) and applied to an empty BioRad Polyprep column and the beads were allowed to settle under gravity. The 1 ml of packed beads were washed with 10 ml of LPS-free PBS. The IL-1ra sample was applied to the column and allowed to pass through the resin under gravity. The sample was passed through a further 1 ml polymyxin column. LPS levels in the IL-1Ra sample before and after polymyxin treatment were determined using a Pyrochrome LAL assay (Associates of Cape Cod Inc. C0180).

The molecular mass of the LPS-free protein was measured using intact mass analysis using Q-ToF mass spectroscopy. The measured mass was within 1Da of the calculated mass (20325.67Da) of the His-Flag-Tev-IL-1ra without the N-terminal Met.

Cloning, Expression and Purification of Human HIS FLAG-IL-1β

The sequence of human IL-1β was obtained from RefSeq database (NM_(—)000576) and used as the reference sequence. The cDNA encoding the mature sequence of human IL-1β (residues 117-269) was amplified by PCR from human lung cDNA. The primers used were IL1bF (5′-CCTCATATGGAAAACCTGTACTTCCAGTCTGCACCTGTACGATCACTG) and IL1bR (5′-ATATCTCGAGTTAGGAAGACACAAATTGCATGG). The design of primer IL1bF was such that a Tobacco Etch Mosaic Virus protease (TEV) cleavage site was immediately adjacent to the N-terminal alanine residue of the mature IL-10. The amplified PCR product was cloned into pCR4blunt-topo from Invitrogen using the manufacturer's instructions. Several clones were obtained and their sequences generated. A clone with the correct coding sequence compared to the reference sequence was chosen for further manipulation. The insert DNA was subsequently sub-cloned into a pT7 E. coli expression vector using the NdeI site in frame with an N-terminal (HIS)₆-FLAG tag.

To express soluble HIS-FLAG tagged IL-1β protein, the expression plasmid was transformed into chemically competent BL21 (DE3) star cells from Invitrogen. Cells containing the expression plasmid were cultured in LB at 37 C to an OD600 of 0.5. IPTG was then added from a 1M stock to a final concentration of 50 μM. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for a further 3 hours. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 10 minutes and the pellets were stored at −80° C. The cells were thawed and resuspended in 50 mM Tris, pH8.0, 10% glycerol, 0.3M NaCl, 10 mM imidazole (buffer A) plus Complete™ protease inhibitors (Roche). The cells were lysed by sonication for 3×30 seconds on ice using a Heatsystems-Ultrasonics Inc. sonicator. The lysate was centrifuged at 100,000 g and 4° C. for 30 minutes. The supernatant was subjected to affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA Superflow (Qiagen). Bound material was eluted with buffer A containing 0.3M imidazole. Fractions containing IL-1β were pooled and buffer exchanged into PBS using a Hiprep 26/10 desalting column (GE Healthcare). The purity of the sample was tested using SDS-gel electrophoresis. The protein was analysed by gel filtration chromatography and found to be monomeric.

LPS was removed from the purified IL-1β in essentially the same way as described above using polymyxin B agarose (Sigma Prod. No. P1411).

The molecular mass of the LPS-free IL-1β protein was measured using intact mass analysis using Q-ToF mass spectroscopy. The measured mass was within 1Da of the calculated mass (20576.10Da) of the His-Flag-Tev-IL-1β without the N-terminal Met

Example 3 Affinity Measurements of Antibody 6 and AMG108

The affinity of the antibodies to IL-1R1 of the invention were measured in two ways, both using KinExA™. technology (118). KinExA™. (Kinetic Exclusion Assay) is a flow spectrofluorometric based technology that can be used to accurately quantify high affinity interactions, including those in the sub-picomolar range (119).

Firstly either a monomerised FAb was allowed to come to equilibrium with sIL-1R1-Fc (soluble sIL-1R1-Fc), or the IgG was allowed to come to equilibrium with sIL-1R1 (un-tagged). These equilibrated solutions of the interacting molecules were then analysed using KinExA™. 3200 technology. In brief, for each equilibrated sample, the KinExA™. 3200 instrument automatically packed a fresh column of sIL-1R1 conjugated micro-beads. The sample containing antibody (or FAb fragment), antigen, and Ab/antigen (or FAb/antigen) complex (in Dulbecco's PBS, 1 mg mL⁻¹ bovine serum albumin, 0.02% (w/v) sodium azide) was flowed rapidly (0.25 mL/min) through the column to keep the contact time of the sample with the antigen-beads extremely brief. This rapid contact time ensured that, for high affinity (slowly dissociating) interactions, dissociation of the complex was negligible during this short contact time. Free antibody bound to the IL-1R1-beads. A Cy5™ (cyanine) fluorescently labelled secondary antibody, mouse anti-human IgG (heavy and light chain specific) was then passed through the column. Labelled secondary antibody bound to the antibody bound to the column. A buffer wash removed excess label, leaving fluorescence signal on the bead column directly proportional to the amount of free receptor in the original sample. By making a titration of a range of different concentrations of antibody and sIL-1R1, and measuring free antibody after each of these conditions, a K_(D) was estimated for the antibody to the receptor (least squares fitting, using a 1:1 reversible bimolecular interaction model within the supplied KinExA™. Pro software). Although affinity estimates using BIAcore technology (Surface Plasmon Resonance) were comparable, the extremely slow dissociation rates means that the KinExA™. evaluation gives a more reliable measure of affinity at K_(D) values<10 pM. The results of affinity measurements for an anti-IL-1R1FAb to soluble human IL-1R1 and soluble cynomolgus IL-1R1 is given in Table 10 below. The results show that this antibody bound to human and cynomolgus IL-1R1 with equally high affinity, and despite being on an epitope where competition with IL-1-alpha, -beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were all possible, the affinity for the receptor is very high. The affinity to human sIL-1R1 was compared for an example antibody as an IgG1™ format to AMG108 IgG2. AMG108 IgG2 does not bind to cynomolgus IL-1R1-Fc, and AMG108 being an IgG2 does not readily form monomeric stable homogeneous FAb fragments. Thus only a comparison between whole IgGs was possible. The results in Table 11, demonstrate that affinity to the human sIL-1R1 was comparable between the example antibody and AMG108. In a previous publication (International Patent Application No: WO 2004/022718) there were disclosed antibodies which competed with IL-1ra, however, these (designated the second class of antibodies identified) were of lower affinity and potency. In contrast, here we demonstrate an antibody that competes for IL-1ra yet has a very high affinity to IL-1R1. The results for the FAb and IgG for Antibody 6 were similar.

TABLE 10 KD Human Antibody IL1-R1-Fc KD CynoIL1-R1-Fc Antibody 6 FAb 2.5 pM 2.8 pM

TABLE 11 Antibody KD Human sIL-1R1 Antibody 6 IgG1TM 3.05 pM AMG108 IgG2 4.12 pM Methods: FAb Monomerisation

Antibody 6 IgG1™ (Triple Mutant, 234F, 235E and 331S) was digested in solution using activated papain. Papain (SIGMA) (6.2 mgs) was activated by dissolving in 620 μl Dulbeccos PBS (D-PBS) and incubating with 62 μl 100 mM L-Cys in D-PBS followed by 10 μl 1M NaHCO₃ in D-PBS. The solution was then desalted on a D-PBS equilibrated Sephadex G25 (PD-10) column and the 2.75-3.85 ml fraction collected. This cleared unwanted residual L-Cys and inhibitory low molecular weight papain autolysis products. 250 μl Antibody 6 IgG1™ (9.32 mgml⁻¹) with 25 μl NaHCO₃ in D-PBS (to increase pH to 8-8.5) and 50 μl L-Cys activated papain PD-10 eluate (as described above) were mixed and the reaction incubated at RT. Reaction progress was followed by injecting 50 μl samples onto a Superdex 75 size exclusion chromatography column that had been equilibrated with D-PBS at 0.5 mL min⁻¹. All of the remaining digest was added to 0.43 g (damp weight) Protein G Sepharose 4 Fast Flow. The peak corresponding to monomeric FAb fragment was collected and concentrated to 105 μl using an Amicon Ultra 4 10,000 MWCO centrifugal concentrator (Millipore, Billerica, Mass., USA). This was then re-injected onto a Superdex 75 column, and the peak corresponding to FAb fraction was collected. The 21.0-21.8 minute fraction from the final Superdex 75 purification step was used as a source of pure Antibody 6 FAb. The FAb was reanalysed on a Superdex 75 column after 3 days storage at 4° C. and <0.4% multimer was measured, demonstrating that the monomeric FAb preparation was sufficiently stable for the affinity analysis. The purity of the monomeric FAb was also confirmed using reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE and reducing and non-reducing MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric analyses.

KinExA™. Analysis

IL-1R-Fcs, either human (SEQ ID NO: 134; expected peptide sequence based mass of 65,036.92 Da as fully reduced monomer; 133,039.8 Da as the -Fc dimer; 11,071 nM as monomer concentration) or cynomologous monkey (SEQ ID NO: 136; expected peptide sequence based mass of 65213.14 Da fully reduced, Swiss Prot, 130,392.3 Da as -Fc Dimer 7,974 nM as monomer concentration) were used as antigen for affinity measurements with Antibody 6 FAb (direct comparison of affinities with Human and cyno IL-1R5). Human s IL-1R1 (R&D Systems, expected peptide sequence based mass of 49,503 Da) was used as antigen in the experiments to measure the affinities of AMG108 and Antibody 6 as IgGs (for direct comparison of the affinities of AMG108 and Antibody 6 IgGs).

Due to the long equilibration times, all buffers used in the KinExA™. experiments were 0.2 μm filter sterilised. For the column (common to both FAb and IgG based measurements) human IL-1R1 (R&D Systems) was used, and covalently bound to 100 mgs (1 μg IL-1R1 per mg beads) of azlactone UltraLink Biosupport beads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Ill., USA)) in 3 mls 50 mM sodium carbonate pH=8.4 at room temperature with constant agitation for 50 mins. Rinsing and blocking was achieved with 10 mgml⁻¹ BSA in 1M Tris pH8.7 (a single rinse of 1 ml, following centrifugation of the beads, and 2 ml with 25 r.p.m. agitation for 1.5 hrs at RT after a second centrifugation). Sedimented beads were finally transferred one more time into 2 mls fresh BSA buffer and stored at 4° C. until used. Finally this bead suspension, was added to 60 mls D-PBS+0.02% sodium azide, and connected onto the instrument bead handling system. Mouse anti-human IgG (H+L) Cy5 conjugate was made up at 1.4 mgml⁻¹ in 0.01M Na Phosphate, 0.25M NaCl (pH7.6) with 15 mgml⁻¹ BSA and 0.05% Na Azide. This was held at 4° C. until needed. FAbs and IgGs were diluted to 50 nM or 250 pM or 100 pM or 10 pM. FcRs were diluted in 2-fold dilution series incorporating Antibody 6 FAb or Antibody 6 Ab/AMG108Ab with a dilution series from 25 or 5 nM to 0.1525 pM (in Dulbecco's PBS, 1 mg mL⁻¹ bovine serum albumin, 0.02% (w/v) sodium azide). Complexes were allowed to come to equilibrium at 18° C. (room temperature) for 12-16 days, and then were flowed through the column following signal testing. Bound free antibody was detected using 50 μl Cy5 labelled secondary antibody. Data processing and analysis was performed using KinExA™. Pro (v 2.0.0.17) software.

Example 4 Whole Blood Assay

Antibodies were analysed for potency in a whole blood assay, where IL-1beta (GIBCO, lyophilised, carrier free) incubation results in release of IL-6. In brief, antibodies were diluted to 15 μg/ml in PBS containing 1% BSA and then serially titrated in 1:3 dilutions in PBS/1% BSA. 10 μl of each concentration of antibody, or a PBS/1% BSA control was incubated with 80 ul of whole human blood for 30 mins at room temperature. 10 μl IL-1beta in PBS/1% BSA or PBS/BSA alone was added to give a final assay concentration of 30 pM and incubated for 22±2 hrs at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator. 100 μl PBS was added to the wells and after spinning at 300 g for 10 minutes the supernatant was removed and analysed for IL-6 content using a commercially available huIL-6 ELISA kit (R&D Systems Duoset, as instructions).

The potency of Antibody 6 IgG1™ in this assay was 311 pM (83 pM-1.2 nM) (Mean IC₅₀; 95% CI).

Example 5 Epitope Mapping of Antibody 6 Interaction Using Chimeric Human/Mouse IL-1R1 Extracellular Domains

5.1 Generation of Whole Domain Swap Chimetic IL-1R1 Molecules.

Antibody 6 binds human IL-1R1 but not mouse IL-1R1. Using this property, chimeric IL-1R1 molecules were generated for epitope mapping. Whole domain-swap chimeras were created by replacing domain 1 (D1) (M1-Y122), domain 2 (D2) (N123-V227) or domain 3 (D3) (I228-K336) of human IL-1R1 ectodomain with corresponding mouse IL-1R1 sequence.

Sub-domain swap chimeras were generated by replacing regions known to interact with IL1β [120] and IL1ra [121] from human IL-1R1 with corresponding regions from mouse IL-1R1. An HTRF (homogeneous time resolved fluorescence) competition assay was used to determine chimeras binding to antibody. In the assay antibody labelled with Eu³⁺ cryptate interacted with Human IL-1R1 labelled with biotin. The interaction was detected by a FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) signal between Eu³⁺ cryptate and XL^(ent!) labelled streptavidin [122].

5.1.1 Materials and Methods—Cloning, Expression and Purification of Chimeras

cDNA molecules encoding chimeras of human IL-1R1 extracellular domain (amino acid residues 1-336 NP_(—)000868) and mouse IL-1R1 extracellular domain (amino acid residues 1-338 NP_(—)032388) were synthesised by primer extension PCR cloning and cloned into pDONR221 (Invitrogen Cat. No. 12536-017). The cDNA fragments coding for the IL-1R1 extracellular domain chimeras were then transferred to mammalian expression vector pDEST12.2 (Invitrogen) using LR Gateway Clonase II enzyme according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen Cat. No. 12538-120). The pDEST12.2 vector had been modified to contain a Human IgG1 Fc fragment and 6×his tag (SEQ ID NO: 134) in-frame with the inserted gene of interest, and also by insertion of the oriP origin of replication from the pCEP4 vector (Invitrogen cat. no. V044-50) allowing episomal plasmid replication upon transfection into cell lines expressing the EBNA-1 gene product (such as CHO cells transfected with the EBNA-1 gene [CHO-EBNA]). Expressed protein in the supernatant from CHO-EBNA gene was purified using Protein G affinity chromatography (HiTrap Protein G HP column (GE Healthcare Cat. No. 17-0404-03)) followed by Size Exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200 column (GE Healthcare Cat. No. 17-1069-01)). The sequence of human IL-1R1 extracellular domain (amino acid residues 1-336 NP_(—)000868), vector encoded sequence, human IgG1 Fc tag and 6×his tag is disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 134. The sequence of mouse IL-1R1 extracellular domain (amino acid residues 1-338 NP_(—)032388), vector encoded sequence.

5.1.2 Binding of Antibody to IL-1R1 Chimeras

Antibody was cryptate labelled with Eu³′ Cryptate labelling kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (CisBio International Cat No. 62EUSPEA) and IL-1R1/Fc (SEQ ID NO: 134, see Material and Methods) was Biotin labelled with EZ Link Sulfo-NHS-Biotin (Perbio Cat No. 21335) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Assay conditions were 0.25 nM Cryptate labelled antibody, 0.3 nM biotin labelled IL-1R1/Fc, 2.5 nM streptavidin XL^(ent!) (CisBio International Cat. No. 611SAXLB) in 1×D-PBS, 0.1% BSA, 0.4M potassium fluoride in a total volume of 200 in a 384 well shallow well costar plate (3676). To the assay a dilution series (from maximum of 100 nM to 0.0017 nM) of test proteins was added and the assay incubated for 3 hours at room temperature. FRET signal was detected using a PerkinElmer EnVision plate reader using a 320 nm excitation filter and 620 nm and 665 nm emission filters. Results were calculated from the 665/620 ratio as a percentage of specific binding (signal with no competitor antigen). Results were analysed with Prism (GraphPad Software) using the sigmoidal dose response model.

5.2 Results

Antibody binding of chimeric molecules was tested in an HTRF (Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence) competition assay. Molecules which bound antibody at the same paratope as human IL-1R1 inhibited the binding interaction, leading to a reduction in signal. From inhibition curves IC₅₀ values for human IL-1R1, mouse IL-1R1 and chimeric molecules were calculated (Table 12). If a molecule did not fully inhibit binding the percentage inhibition seen at the highest concentration was calculated. Chimeras that gave similar IC₅₀ values to native human IL-1R1 still contained the epitope. Chimeras which did not fully inhibit IL-1R1 binding to antibody, or showed an increased IC₅₀ value, did not contain the full epitope. These data enabled the localisation of the antibody epitope.

TABLE 12 IC₅₀ (in nM) of chimeric IL-1R1 molecules competing against human IL-1R1 binding to antibody. Chimeras composed of amino acid sequence from human (NP_000868) and mouse (NP_032388) IL-1R1 were tested for the ability to compete with human IL-1R1 in binding antibody. Sequence Sequence from from IC₅₀ (nM) in Chimera NP_000868 NP_032388 competition assay HuIL-1R1 M1-K336 0.174 MoIL-1R1 M1-K338 66% Inhibition* MoD1-D2 HuD3 M1-S17; I228-K336 L20-V230 53% Inhibition* IL1R1 MoD2 M1-Y122; I228- S126-V230 37% Inhibition* HuD1HuD3 K336 IL1R1 MoD3 HuD1-D2 M1-V227 I231-K338 0.147 IL1R1 MoD2-D3 HuD1 M1-Y122 S126-K338 18% Inhibition* IL1R1 MoD1b IL1R1 M1-R42; T54-K336 K45-D56 0.201 MoD2a IL1R1 M1-Y122; A135- S126-I137 4.6  K336 MoD2b IL1R1 M1-G139; L158- D140-E160 0.583 K336 MoD2c IL1R1 M1-V177; L181- K181-K183 0.637 K336 MoD2d IL1R1 M1-I213; T220-V230 0.204 I234-K336 MoD3a1 IL1R1 M1-V246; V278- T254-P275 0.156 K336 MoD3a2 IL1R1 M1-P272; S290- F276-K292 0.268 K336 MoD3b IL1R1 M1-P309; Y329- F313-I331 0.337 K336 IC₅₀ values were calculated where a complete competition curve was obtained. *Where the chimera failed to completely inhibit human IL-1R1 binding to antibody the percentage inhibition seen at the highest concentration of chimera is shown.

The binding of chimeric human/mouse IL-1R1 chimeras has enabled the localisation of the human IL-1R1 epitope bound by antibody. Whole domain swap chimeras localised the epitope to D2 of human IL-1R1 (residues N123-V227) as all chimeras that contain the mouse D2 domain of IL1R1 replacing the human D2 IL1R1 (MoIL-1R1; MoD1-D2 HuD3 IL1R1; MoD2 HuD1 HuD3 IL1R1; MoD2-D3 HuD1) failed to completely inhibit Human IL1R1, whereas those containing D2 Human IL1R1 (HuIL-1R1; MoD3 HuD1-D2) were able to compete with human IL-1R1 (Table 12).

Human IL-1R1 contains 7 beta strands and 4 loop regions, spread across the three domains which are in close proximity to IL1β in a crystal structure [123]. Also the human IL1R1 contains 3 beta strands and 7 loop regions that are in close proximity to IL 1ra in a crystal structure (Schreuder et al., Nature 386:194-200, 1997). Beta strand or loop swap chimeras enabled the localisation of the human IL-1R1 epitope to a major component in domain 2 including beta strand a2 (residues N123-V134) and minor components in loop b2-c2 (residues L140-K157) (Vigers et al., Nature 386:190-194, 1997) and loop d2-e2 (residues K178-R180) (Schreuder et al., Nature 386:194-200, 1997). Chimeras without human beta strand a2 gave a 26 fold higher IC₅₀ than human IL1R1 binding to antibody and chimeras without loop b2-c2 or d2-e2 gave a>3 fold higher IC₅₀ than human IL-1R1 (Table \). Consistent with the domain swap data the beta strand a2, loops b2-c2 and d2-e2 are located in domain 2 (Vigers et al., Nature 386:190-194, 1997).

From these data the antibody binds amino acids in a discontinuous epitope of 33 amino acids in three regions of human IL-1R1; N123-V134, L140-K157 and K178-R180.

Biological Deposits

Biological deposits in E. coli TOP10 have been made at:

-   -   NCIMB Limited     -   Ferguson Building,     -   Craibstone Estate,     -   Bucksburn,     -   Aberdeen,     -   AB21 9YA.     -   Scotland     -   UK         under the Budapest Treaty.

Depositer's Strain Vector size Insert Accession Designation (bps) Size Deposit Date Number Antibody 6 VH GL 28PL GL VH 2965 385 3 Nov. 2009 NCIMB 41673 Antibody 6 VL GL 28PL GL VL 2921 341 3 Nov. 2009 NCIMB 41674 Antibody 9 VH GL 28Q1 GL VH 2968 388 3 Nov. 2009 NCIMB 41671 Antibody 9 VL GL 28Q1 GL VL 2927 347 3 Nov. 2009 NCIMB 41672

Said deposits represent another embodiment of the invention.

REFERENCES

All references cited anywhere in this specification, including those cited anywhere above, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

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1. An isolated antibody specific for IL-1R1 comprising a set of CDRs: HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 wherein HCDR1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 63; HCDR2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 64; HCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 65; LCDR1 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 68; LCDR2 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 69; LCDR3 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NO:
 70. 2. An isolated antibody specific for IL-1R1 which competes or cross-competes for binding to IL-1R1 with an isolated antibody according to claim
 1. 3. An isolated antibody specific for IL-1R1 which binds the same epitope as the isolated antibody of claim 1, wherein the epitope is comprised within one or more of the following sequences of IL-1R1: (i) N123-V134; (ii) L140-K157; and/or (iii) K178-R180 of SEQ. ID. NO:
 137. 4. An isolated antibody specific for IL-1R1 according to claim 3 which binds a discontinuous epitope comprised within the following sequences of IL-1R: (i) N123-V134; (ii) L140-K157; and (iii) K178-R180 of SEQ. ID. NO:137.
 5. The isolated antibody according to claim 1 wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 7. The composition according to claim 6 for use as a medicament. 